举例、列举、分类.ppt

1、例证法/举例法,列举法,分类法,例证法/举例法,举例法是段落扩展最常用的方法，几乎所有的“主题”都可以用举例法来论证。因此， 举例法也经常与其他段落扩展方法同时使用。这种方法是说明文、论说文的常用手段，也是大学英语四、六级考试作文中最常用的方法。它主要是通过举例、列举事实来说明主题，从而使文章显得言之有物，具有说服力。例如 It Pays to Be Honest (2003.1 CET-4 It is reported that 拓展段落的一些常用表达 1. in other words换言之 2.that is to say也就是说 3.to be more precise说的具体一些,F

2、or example 和such as 的使用,For example ，一般是用一个句子作例子， 而such as 是 并列两个以上名词或动名词短语作例子。如：,1. I have many hobbies. For example, I like playing badminton very much.,2.I have many hobbies such as playing badminton, collecting stamps and going camping.,3.I have such hobbies as playing badminton and collecting s

3、tamps.,Such as 可以跟在一个“总体名词” （如句2中的hobbies ）之后，并列几个实例（如句2），也可以将“总体名词”夹在suchas 中间，然后再并列几个例子（如句3）。,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example，those ho enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example，if they prefer to exercise alone，they can ha

4、ve a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides，people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the inter. In short，no matter hat their interests are，people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子

5、分别由连接词for example，for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引导结尾句总结全段内容。举例法中常用连接词有：for example（instance），one example is，besides，furthermore，moreover，in addition等。,返回,列举法,运用列举法，是通过列举一系列论据对topic sentence中摆出论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释。列举法如果使用得当，能增强文章的说服力，使文章显得条理清楚。用列举法发展段落时，主题句常包含表示数量的词，如：several, many, some, four 等。列举细节

6、时，可以根据各种内容的相对重要性，按一定的逻辑顺序排列。,Social activities benefit us in many ways. To begin with, these activities can widen our knowledge, because we can learn what we cant from our books. Second, these activities can serve as a bridge between theory and practice, because we can learn how to put our book know

7、ledge into practice. Lastly, these activities can enrich our experience, in that we can get to know the society well so that we can adapt to it easily when we graduate. 本段的第一句是段落主题句，in many ways在这里为下面的列举作好了铺垫。作者用了to begin with, second和lastly作为连接语，条理清楚地列举了社会活动有益的三个方面。,举例法与列举法区别,举例法（example）是通过举出具体事例来

8、阐述、说明主题句内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法一种，它们区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。我们来看下面这个用举例法展开段落。作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列论据对topic sentence中摆出论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举顺序可以按照所列各点内容相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。,列举常用的表达方法有: first, second, in the first place, first of all, to begin with, in the second place, next, also, besides,

9、furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, beyond that, for one thing, for another, finally.,返回,分类法是将事物按照一定的标准、原则进行归类，然后再分别进行说明、解释。这种方法会使看似复杂的内容变得简单有序。:,分类法 （developmentbyclassification）,例Activitiescanbedividedinto5categoriesaccordingtothenumberofcaloriespeopleuseup.Onekindofactivityisaseated

10、 (坐着的）activity. A personwhoisreading, writing, orwatchingTVuses88to100caloriesanhour.Anotherkindofactivityisalightactivity.Apersonwhoiscookingorwalkingslowlyuses110to160caloriesanhour.Thethirdkindofactivity,moderateactivity,uses170to240caloriesanhour.Suchactivitiesincludegardeningorcarpentrywork.,Th

11、efourthgroup,vigorousactivity,uses250to350caloriesanhour.Theseareactivitiessuchaswalkingfast,bowling,orgolfing.Finally,apersonwhoisdoingastrenuous(消耗体力的）activity uses 350 or more caloriesanhour.Typicalactivitiesofthiskindareswimming,playingtennis,ordancing.,例 As far as political views are concerned,

12、 people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are