跨文化完整版

1、.1 basic functions of: culture(4. howwe perceivethe elderlyis also(1)it isbelievedthatculture evolvedforthetempered by culturesame reasons：itserves basictheneedof3beliefs重要性layingouta predictableworldinwhicheach(1. belief systems are significant to the studof us is firmly grounded and thus ofenables

2、interculturalusbecausetheyareatthecoreto make sense of our surroundingcltureof. our thoughts or actions.makes all things easy(2. beliefs systems are importantstudents to(2)in additiontomakingtheworlda lessof interculturalcommunicationbecausetheyperplexingplace,cultureshavenowevolved arelearnedor hen

3、cesubjectto culturalto the point where they are. peoplesinterpretationprimary.means of satisfying 3 types of needs(3.beliefsaresuchaninfluentialctorin2 culturemakesall thingseasy:for twointerculturalcommunicationbecausetheyimportantreason：first, culturehelpsaffectourconsciousorunconsciousminds,facil

4、itatehetransitionfromwombto thismanneraswell.asthemannerinwhichwenewlife by providingmeaningto event,communicateobject, and people. second, culture2.valuesmakesteachus:life1) whatbehaviorislessconfusingbecause,as weshallseelater,requiredorforbiddenbythe society 2)most of cultureis automaticandwhatwe

5、shouldloveor hate.3) whatissubconscious.useful, good, right and wrong?3three types of culture3. classification of values in american:basic needs: food, shelter, physicalvaluesprotectioncanbe classifiedas primary,derivedneeds:派生需求 organizationofsecondary, tertiary values.work,distributionffood,defens

6、e,social1) primaryvaluesarethemostimportant:controltheyspecifywhatis worththesacrificeofintegrativeeds综合需求:psychologicalhumanlife .intheunitedstates,democracysecurity , social harmony, purposeandtheinlifeprotectionfoneselfandclose4 梁漱溟文化论理family are primary values.material culture：social culture：ido

7、logical2) secondaryvalvesare also quite5 abraham maslow:importantusa.inthereliefofthepainandpyramid:“selfactualization自我实现需sufferingofothersiasecondaryvaluethe.求，：esteemneeds尊重需求：belongings；securingof materialpossessionsisalsoaneeds社交需求safety：needs安全需求 secondary value for most americans,physiologica

8、l 生needs理需求3) tertiaryvaluesareat thebottomof our9 enculturation usually take place1 hierarcthrough:y .examplesoftertiaryvaluesintheinteraction 2 observation 3 imitationunitedstatesarehospitalitytoguestsand10sources of learning1 culture:welearn ourcleanlinesshospitality. questsandculturethroughprove

9、rbs2fromfolktales,cleanlinesslegendsandmyths3.throughart4 through.2.seven cautionary remarksmass media1).thevalueof theculturemaynotbethe11 symbols三类分法value of all individuals within the culture.spokenword.writtenword.nonverbal2) try to visualize each cultures response toactions(非语言行为)object(i.e.:fl

10、agsspecificpatternasa pointona continuumautomobiles or jewelry)ratherthanone of onlytwo possiblelanguagecommunicativesymbols:spoken responses.words ,written words3) the patterns are interrelated with a hostnonverbalcommunicativesymbols(bodyother values and do not operate in isolationbehaviorbody.mov

11、ementgestures.facial.4) commonculturepatternsthatcouldbeexpressions. touch. objects.)saidto holdforthewholecountrymustbeperice皮尔斯(人类学家)j表格limitedto the dominantculturein each2thephysicalmechanismofperceptioniscountry.prettymuchthesameinallpeople:sensory5) thereareliterallyhundredsofculturalorgans su

12、ch as the eyes ,ears andpatternsnosepermitfound in every culture.us to senseour environment,andthe6) cultureschargeandthereforesodothesensationreceivedby themare routedvalues of the culturethroughournervoussystemtothebrains,7) inmanyinstances,wefindcontradictorywheretheyareinterpretedandaccordedvalu

13、es in a particular culture.meaninga twostagesequence:thefirst4 dominantamericanculturalpatterns:recognition or identification .the secondindiviualism;theequality;materialism;scienceinterpretation and evaluation1thebiological(ndtechnology;progressandchange;workstage生理阶段。2 the responsive stage)and lei

14、sure; competition.2culture and perception .(relationship)5hofstedes value dimensions:(1.culturegenerates/producessimilar1) individualism-collectivism.meaningsandsimilarbehaviorseg:.eating2) uncertainty avoidancehabits（.sports. marriage. eating）habits,3)power distance(2. personalcredibilityis yet ant

15、her4) masculinity an femininityperceptual trait that is touched bycharacteristicscultureof individualism:i(3. eventhe perceptionfsomethingasconsciousnessprevails-i.america.greatsimple as the blinding of oneseye isbritainaffectedaustraliaby culture.1）competitionratherthancooperationis.encouragedlangu

16、age环境语2）personalgoalstakeprecedenceover6 three types of paralanguagegroup goals1)silence2)turn-taking话轮转换 3 ）3）peopletend not to be emotionallynon-verbal sound非语言声音dependentonorganizationsandenculturation:institutionsconsciousorunconsciousconditioningoccurringwithinthatprocesswherebythe4）every indiv

17、idual has the right to his or herindividual,as childand adult,achievesprivate property thoughts and opinionscharacteristicsofcollectivism:wecompetence in a particular culture.innovation革新：isusuallydefinedastheconsciousnessprevails(i.e. japanese,colombia pakistan)discovery of new practices ,tools or

18、conceptthat many members of the culture eventuall1) identity is based on the social systemaccept and that may produce slight change2) theindividualisemotionallydependentsocial habits and behaviorson organizations and institutionsdiffusion传播：is theborrowingbyonebelongingtoculturefromanther,spreadinga

19、ndmixing3) the culturemphasizesslowlyorganizations.4) organizationsinvadeprivatelifeandtheacculturation:文化传入适应the process ofassimilationofonesowncultureandtheclans to which individuals belongculture of anther group .it is also a process5) individuals trust the group decisionsuncertainty avoidance分类a

20、cceptingdifferencesand appreciationsimilarities.1)highuncertaintyavoidance求稳 theethnocentricisabelief that ones culture isseekingofstability不舒服程度高非虑常.焦primary to all explanation of reality.例如：portugal greece peru japanethnocentrism:.民族中心主义 the求变thetechnical name for the view of things in whi2)lowunc

21、ertaintyavoidanceseekingof change如.：usasweden ones own group is the centerng of, everythisingapore hong kongandall othersarescaledandratedwithdpower distance:分类reference to itperception:意识highpowerdistance:peopleaccepttheprocessof selecting,organizing,andhierarchicalorder社会成员对权力分配的不平等性的程度高。如：india b

22、razilinterpretingsensorydatein a waythatenables us to male sense of our world.singapore greece values:alearned organization of rules forlow power distance: people strive for powermaking choices and for resolving conflicts.程度低 如culturepatterns.thisrefersto boththeequalization:austriafinlandconditions

23、 that contribute to the way in whicdenmark norway new zealande masculinity and femininity:a people perceive and think about the worldmasculine countryandthemannerinwhichtheylivein thatjapanisthemostmasculinitycountryboth.worldindividualism: theindividualisthesingleman and women are，assertiveness,rel

24、ativelycompetitivenessandtoughbut. in thesemostimportantunitein anysocialsetting,regardlessofthesizeof thatunite,andthecountries，there is a significant differenceuniquenessinof each individual is of paramouexpectation for men and women value.for man uncertaintyavoidance定义:degreeto1) men are expected

25、 to be strongwhichthe memberof the societyfeeluncomfortable with certainty ambiguous2) men should fight to protect their interestfor womanmasculinity：andsfora preferenceinasocietyfor achievement，heroism，(1)women are expected to be nurturingassertivenesscompetitivenessthathave，(2)women should be sens

26、itive to feelingsfeminine countriestraditionally been associated with menfemininity：standsfor a preferencefor(1)peopleshouldbe modest,cooperativetendermodesty relationship，cooperation，caring forthe weakand tendernessthat havetraditionally associated with woman(2)there are fewer differences in expect

27、ationfor men and womenpowerdistance: theextentto whicha(3)no one should fightsocietyacceptsthatpowerin relationships,(4)no one should be ambitiousinstitutions,and organizations is(5)everyoneshouldbe concernedwithdistributed.(unequally) non-verbalcommunication:involvesallmaintaininggoodrelationshipsw

28、iththosenonverbalstimuliin a communicationotherssetting that are generated by both source aspecialpeople: the youngpeoplehisorheruseof theenvironmentandthatsales peoplehavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceor receiver3thefunctionofnonverbalcommunication:(1)repeating(2)complementing补充 (3)kinesics: omm

29、unicatingthroughvarioussubstituting代替4）regulating调节5）typesof bodymovementsincludingfacialcontradicting否定(6) accenting强调expressions, gestures postures and stanceothermannerismthatmayaccompanyor4types of non-verbal communicationnonverbal behavior非语言行为replace oral messageparalanguage: it related to ora

30、l1)kinesics体态语2）paralanguage副语言communication .it refers to the rate and pitcnonverbal mediavolumequalitiesofvoicewhichinterruptor非语言手段temporary take the place of speech and aff客体语he meaning of message.3)objectlanguage4)environmental.6definitions of cultureboss and be reluctant to criticizes him( (3)

31、 cultureis man smedium; there is not3it is natural for the boss to enjoy specialone aspect of human life that is not touchedprivilege that his employee do not haveand altered by culture. this means personality,4children are likely to be told to respect andhow people express themselves, includingobey

32、 parents ，teachers and other in authorityshows of emotion, the way theythink,howin low-power-distance：countriesthey move, how problems are solved,how1prefer equal relationshipstheircitiesare plannedandlaid out,how2an employee may approach and criticize atransportationsystemsfunctionandarebossorganiz

33、ed,aswell as howeconomicand3the boss may occupy a higher position butgovernmentsystems areputtogetherandthat does not mean he deserves any specialfunction.meansthetreatment(4)by culture anthropology,4 if a teacher report to parents that theirtotal life way of a people, the social legacy thechildren

34、have misbehaved, the parents will tryindividual acquires from his group. or cultureto find out if the teacher used his authoritycan be regarded as part of theenvironmentproperlythat is the creation of man.三decision-marking(5)culture are large super ordinate categories:in high-power distance：countrie

35、sthere are not individuals. culturesare1decision making tends to be centralized thedifferent levels oflogical analysis fromtheleader decisionindividual members of cultures. culture do2decisions are passed down to the staff in thenot talk to each other but individuals do.form of instruction. the staf

36、f just wait for the6）hoebel and frost, who see culture in nearlyleader to tell them what to do. they hesitateall humanactivity, define culture asanto act on their own because they do not want“ integrated systemof learned. behaviorto do anything that would seem disrespectfulpatterns which are charact

37、eristic of thein low-power-distance countriesmembers of a society and which are not the1 decision is dispersed throughoutresults of biological inheritance.”organization. people at all level make(7)cultureis a systemof sharedbeliefs,decisions.values , customs ,behavior, and artifacts2theleaderthatisl

38、ikely to give the staff guidancethemembersofa useto copywiththeirin the formof general principles and thenworld,andwithoneanotherandthatareexpects thestaff to apply those principles intransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationtheir work.through learning.depositof四social class(8)we define culture as the1s

39、ocial class difference within each country inknowledge,experience,beliefs,power distancevalues,actions,attitudes,2employee of organizations who had highermeanings,hierarchies, religion,notionsoflevels of education had lower power distancetime ,roles, special relations,conceptsofscoreuniverse ,and artifacts acquired by a group of3those who had lower leveleducation hadpeople in the course of generations throughhigher power distance scoreindividual