汉英句子比较与翻译.ppt

1、汉英句子的比较与翻译,刘宁&孙怡,意合和形合,意合：主要靠句子内部的逻辑联系，指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段（Semantic Connection）” 形合：句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语言本身的语法手段（形式手段），包括的句法手段（Syntactic Devices）或词汇手段（Lexical Devices）,一、英语的形合法 1.关系词和连接词（Relative Pronouns and Adverbs and Conjunctions） 2.介词(preposition) 3.其他连接手段,二、汉语的意合法： 1、语序 2、反复、排比、对偶、对照等 3、紧缩句 4、

2、四字句,人（若）不犯我， 我（则）不犯人 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 有饭大家吃（=如果有饭的话，那就大家一起吃吧！） Let everybody share the food if there is any.,由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会于外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。 回译文： Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. T

3、he isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.,原文: The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,一.语法手段,冬天是研究树木生长的最好的季节，虽然树叶落了，树枝光了，但是树木本身却是美的。 Winter is the best se

4、ason to study the growth process of the tree. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.,今晚在院子里坐着乘凉，忽然想起日日走过的荷塘，在这满月的光里，总该另有一番样子吧。 译文一、 Tonight I sat in the yard enjoying the cool of evening. I suddenly thought of the Lotus Pond I passed every day: it

5、 must surely look different now in the light of the full moon.,译文二、 Tonight, when I was sitting in the yard enjoying the cool, it occurred to me that the Lotus Pond, which I pass by every day, must assure quite a different look in such a moonlight night.,二、关系词和连接词,汉语少用甚至不用这类词，句子之间的语法关系和逻辑联系注重隐形连贯（im

6、plicit coherence)。 英语却离不开这些关系词和连接词，注重显性衔接（explicit cohesion）。,“知己知彼，百战不殆；不知己而知彼，一胜一负；不知己而不知彼，每战必殆。” “You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself , but leave yourself in the dark about the e

7、nemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.”,吃苦在前，享乐在后。 Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy the comforts.,三、使用介词,介词：简单介词，合成介词，成语介词 With, to, in, of ,about, between, through Inside, onto, upon, within, without, throughout According to, along

8、 with, apart from, because of, in front of,好不容易说服她，照我的想法办。 With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.,四、形合手段的综合运用,中国将努力促进国内粮食增产，在正常情况下，粮食自给率不低于95%。 China endeavors to increase it

9、s grain production so that its self-efficiency rate of grain under normal condition will be above 95 percent.,汉英句子成分分析,汉英主语、定语和状语的差异及其翻译,主语：英语讲究形合，句意围绕主语展开；汉语句子重意合，组句方式比较灵活，整个句子一所要表达的思想为中心构建。 (一) 、汉语主语的省略： 不怕寒冷，不怕危险，不怕饥饿，不怕困难，勇敢的战士们，什么都不怕。 Brave soldiers feared nothing not the cold, the danger, the

10、hunger, or the hardship.,（二）、汉语中的散点思维 他的魁梧的身形，温柔的脸，慈祥的目光，热情而有力的声音，时时出现在会场上,课堂上，杨家岭山下的大道边。 Wed see him often by the roadside at the foot of Yangjialing Hill, or in a classroom, or in a meeting hall. Always a physically powerful presence, hed be smiling, his kind eyes sparkling and his voice warm.,（三）

11、、处理方法： 1. 使用被动结构 有时候由于文化背景和风俗习惯的不同，也容易引起误会。 Sometimes, misunderstandings can be caused by differences in cultural backgrounds and customs.,2. 名词结构 由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多湖泊。 The constant change of the course of the Yangtze River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan. .,3. 运

12、用there be 结构 在确定切削速度时，要考虑许多因素。 There are many things to be considered in determining cutting speed.,4. 使用形式主语 中国要在短时间内达到粮食高产国家的水平难度较大。 It will be difficult for China to reach the level of countries with high grain production in a short period of time.,二、定语 这幅画呈现了一个小女孩迎接下班后回家的妈妈的感人时刻。 This picture sh

13、ows a touching moment when a Little girl greets her mother who has come back from work.,三、状语 因为工作上的需要，爸爸很关心中国的政治问题。 Father is very interested in China politics because of the need of his job. Because of the need of his job, father is very interested in Chinas politics.,第三节：逻辑与翻译,一、主观与客观 1.历史是人民创造的。

14、History is made by the people. 2.我每当听到一个旧友死去的消息，总要惆怅多时。 The news of any old pals death will invariably make me say in my heart for a long, long time.,二、动态与静态 1.我怀疑他是否还活着。 I am doubtful whether he is still alive. 2.他来回摇晃着脑袋，欲望在膨胀，意志在萎缩。 Back and forth his swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.,三

15、、具体与抽象 有些时装设计师为了赶时髦，舍弃了优雅别致的式样，而一味追求坦胸露体的奇装异服。 In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.,四、肯定与否定 1.虽然是头一回拜访女友父母，张明一点都不觉得局促。 Zhang Ming was quite at his ease in spite of his first visit to his girl friends parents. 2.你真不够朋友，一毛钱都不给我。 Some

16、friend you are. You wont lead me a shilling.,五、直率与含蓄 1.今晚有空吗？我想请你吃饭。 Id like to invite you to have a dinner if you are free tonight. 2.我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而且是要积极友好的共处，这是正确而必要的。 We believe that its right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live

17、side by side-not just in a passive way but as active friends.,热烈欢迎世界各地客商来建立和发展商贸关系。 Customers all over the world are warmly welcomed to establish and develop business contacts with us. 由于计划不周，他不仅浪费了时间，而且浪费了所有的钱。 Poor planning wasted all his money as well as his time,不到黄河心不死 Until all is over, ambiti

18、on never dies. 这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move out of areas being flooded.,人们已经把李白的实际译成了多种外国文字。 The collection of li Bais poems has been translated into many foreign languages. 到去年年底，上海已与好几个国家签订了建造拉索桥的合同协议。 By the end of the las