Reading Skill.ppt

1、Lecture 9 Reading Skill,Contents,Review Reading Skill,What do you think the meaning of software? software = program + data + document,What is the definition of Software Engineering? It is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenan

2、ce of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software,How do software characteristics differ from hardware characteristics? Software is developed, not manufactured. Software does not wear out, but it can deteriorate when changes are made. Most softwar

3、e is custom built, not assembled out of components.,The stages within the development phase of the software life cycle are analysis, design, implementation, and testing .,科技英语的特点,复杂长句多 运用语法分析：以短代长，化难为易 Factories will not buy machines unless they believe that the machine will produce goods that they

4、are able to sell to consumers at a price that will cover all cost. 厂家是不会买那些机器的，除非他们相信那些机器造出的产品卖给消费者的价格足够支付所有成本。 要不相信那些机器造出的产品售价够本，厂家是不会买的。,科技英语的特点,被动语态多 英语使用被动语态大大多于汉语，科技英语更是如此，有三分之一以上用被动语态。 Process is an instance of a computer program that is being sequentially executed by a computer system that ha

5、s the ability to run several computer programs concurrently. 进程是一个程序的实例，这一实例在具有多程序处理能力的电脑系统上被顺序执行。,科技英语的特点,非谓语动词多 英语每个简单句中，只能用一个谓语动词，如果读到几个动作，就必须选出主要动作当谓语，而将其余动作用非谓语动词形式，才能符合英语语法要求。 非谓语动词有三种：动名词、分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）和不定式。 要成为一个名符其实的内行，需要学到老。 To be a true professional requires lifelong learning.,常用英汉互译技巧,一

6、、增译法 例1. Individual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical expressions and in many cases there is no generally accepted “correct” pronunciation. 每个数学家对数学公式常常有各自的读法，在许多情况下，并不存在一个普遍接受的所谓“正确”读法。(增加隐含意义的词) 例2. 只有在可能发生混淆、或要强调其观点时，数学家才使用较长的读法 It is only when confusion may occu

7、r, or where he/she wishes to emphasis the point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms. (增加主语),常用英汉互译技巧,二、转换法 在翻译过程中，为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯，对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换： 1、在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。 2、在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。 3、在句型方面，把并列句

8、变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。 4、在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。,常用英汉互译技巧,二、转换法 例1. Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词) 例2. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。 Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national s

9、trength has greatly improved. (动词转名词) 例3. 时间不早了，我们回去吧！ We dont have much time left. Lets go back. (句型转换),常用英汉互译技巧,三、拆句法和合并法 例1. 中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。 China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is f

10、armland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译法） 例2. Packet switching is a method of slicing digital messages into parcels called “packets,” sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling the packets once th

11、ey arrive at their destination. 分组交换是传输数据的一种方法，它先将数据信息分割成许多称为“分组”的数据信息包；当路径可用时，经过不同的通信路径发送；当到达目的地后，再将它们组装起来。(将长定语从句拆成几个并列的分句),常用英汉互译技巧,四、正译法和反译法 这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道 。 例1. 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can

12、obtain this information on the Internet. （正译） This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译） 例2. 他突然想到了一个新主意。 Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译) He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译) A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译）,常用英汉互译技巧,五、倒置法 在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰

13、语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如： 例1. At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world. 此时此刻，通过现

14、代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置）,常用英汉互译技巧,六、包孕法 这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。如： 例1. IP multicasting is a set of technologies that enables efficient delivery of data to many locations on a network. IP多信道广播是使数据向网

15、络中许多位置高效传送的一组技术。 例2. What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences. 使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益,常用英汉互译技巧,七、插入法 指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。 如：如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”，那我们将勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。 If the announcement of

16、 the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects,” we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.,常用英汉互译技巧,八、综合法 指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。 如： 如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”，那我们将勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。 If the

17、 announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects,” we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.,常用英汉互译技巧,八、综合法 是指单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，着眼篇章，以逻辑分析为基础，同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧的方法。 如： Behind this formal definition are three extremel

18、y important concepts that are the basis for understanding the Internet: packet switching, the TCP/IP communications protocol, and client/server computing. 在这个正式的定义背后，隐含着三个极其重要的概念：分组交换、TCP/IP(传输控制协议/网际协议)通信协议和客户机/服务器计算技术，它们乃是理解因特网的基础。,构词法,Derivation Compounding Blending Shortening,派生词(derivation),hyp

19、er-, super- ：超级，相当于over hyperlink hypertext supercomputer inter-：相互，在之间 interface interlace,派生词(derivation),micro-：微型 microprocessor microkernel microwave Microsoft tele-：远程 telecommunication telephone telethermometer,派生词(derivation),uni-, mono-，相当于Single unicode monochrome monocular multi-, poly-：多

20、，相当于Many multimedia multi-user multi-tasking polygon polytechnic,派生词(derivation),bi-, 相当于twice binary biligual semi-, hemi-：一半，相当于half semiconductor hemicycle hemisphere,派生词(derivation),-scope, 探测仪器 microscope telescope spectroscope -meter：计量仪器 barometer telemeter spectrometer,派生词(derivation),-graph

21、：记录仪器 telegraph spectrograph,派生词(derivation),-able, 可能的 enable disable programmable portable scalable,派生词(derivation),-ity：性质 reliability availability accountability integrity confidentiality,派生词(derivation),-ware：件（部件） hardware software firmware groupware freeware,复合词(compounding),-base：基于，以为基础 rat

22、e-based file-based -centric：以为中心的 client-centric user-centric host-centric,复合词(compounding),-oriented：面向的 object-orient market-oriented process-oriented -free：自由的，无关的 lead-free? jumper-free paper-free,复合词(compounding),info-：信息，与信息有关的 info-channel info-tree info-world event-：事件 event-driven event-ori

23、ented event-based,复合词(compounding),以名词 + 动词-ing 构成的复合形容词形成了一种典型的替换关系，即可以根据需要在结构中代入同一词类而构成新词，它们多为动宾关系 man-carrying aircraft earth-moving machine time-consuming operation ocean-going freighter,复合词(compounding),有时加连字符的复合词与不加连字符的词汇词意是不同的，必须通过文章的上下文推断。 force-feed force feed,复合词(compounding),随着词汇的专用化，复合词中

24、间的连接符被省略掉，形成了一个单词 videotape online login logout pushup popup,混成词(blending),这类词汇将两个单词的前部拼接、前后拼接或者将一个单词前部与另一词拼接构成新的词汇 brunch (breakfast + lunch) smog (smoke + fog) codec (coder + decoder) syscall (system + call) transeiver (transmitter + receiver),缩略词(shortening),缩略词是将较长的英语单词取其首部或者主干构成与原词同义的短单词，或者将组成词

25、汇短语的各个单词的首字母拼接为一个大写字母的字符串 lab = laboratory math = mathematics ad = advertisement iff = if and only if flu = influenza,缩略词(shortening),BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code FORTRAN Formula Translation COBOL Common Business Oriented Language,缩略词(shortening),RISC Reduced Instruction Set

26、 Computer CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer IDE Integrated Development Environment,借用词,cache firewall flag bus thumbnail pane,What s in a paper?,Title Authors Abstract Keywords Table of contents Instruction Problem description Motivation Method Results Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgement Refe

27、rences Appendix,引言,正文,总结,关键字,摘要,标题,参考文献,作者,目录,致谢,附录,Where are CS research papers found,Conference papers To get the most recent, “hot off the presses”, information, look for conference papers Technical reports Expands on the information in a conference paper Journal papers To get more considered pap

28、ers with more explanation, look for journal papers Book chapters,Where are CS research papers found, Science Index (available through the library) Elsevier and Kluwer,Types of CS research papers,Theoretical describes a theory or algorithm or provides a mathematical proof for some hypothesis. Enginee

29、ring describes an implementation of an algorithm, or part or all of a computer system or application. Empirical describes an experiment designed to test some hypothesis,Know why you want to read the paper,To know whats going on（e.g. scanning proceedings） title, authors, abstract Papers in your broad

30、 research area introduction, motivation, solution description, conclusions sometimes reading more details useful, but not always Papers you may want to improve on Read entire paper carefully,Some indicators of a good paper,The problem the paper addresses is clearly stated, both in the abstract and e

31、arly on in the paper itself. The technical importance and broader impacts of the paper are described. The paper includes a clear description of the experiment, system or theory the problem addresses. This is usually the second section of the paper. The paper describes and analyzes the results of the

32、 work described (either experimental or evaluation results).,Some indicators of a good paper,The authors have some sound, non-trivial ideas for future work. This usually appears at the end of the paper. Related work is described and cited correctly. You can get an idea of this by looking at the list

33、 of references at the end of the paper.,How to read,Skim the paper to check that if it has these element: Clear problem statement Clear description of method or system Clear presentation of results Appropriate citation of related work Write down the type of the paper: theoretical, engineering, empirical The area of the computer science the paper is about The problem the paper addresses,How to read,Read the instruction carefully to look for: The problem statement Theo