钙钛矿太阳能电池在水解制取氢气上的应用

1、Perovskite Solar Cells for the Generationof Fuels from Sunlight,Wang W.P. 2016-10-20,Logo,General Introduction,Outline,1,Photovoltaic-Driven Water Splitting,2,CO2 Reduction,3,Discussion and Perspective,4,1. General Introduction 1.1 Energy Demand, Global Warming, and the Need for Storage,Energy suppl

2、y Air pollution Climate change,unbalanced distribution,World total energy consumption: 15 TW(2015)-30 TW(2050),Clean and renewable energy sources: Solar energy Storage? Lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors : Expensive Chemicals fuels : Carbohydrate,Series/ DCDC power converter CO2 reduction: fi

3、ve conventional cells,1.2 Advantages of Perovskite as Light Harvesters for Solar Fuel Generation,Only devices generating sufficient Voc for driving the complete reaction can achieve nonzero efciencies.,Advantages of perovskite light harvesters: Intrinsic high Voc and bandgap tunability,2 Perovskite

4、Photovoltaic (PV) 2.1 One Cell-Driven Water Splitting,Only large bandgap oxides show efficiencies with one cell Effciencies are very low,Hypothetical single-PV photoelectrolysis device,As the open-circuit voltage of a single perovskite solar cell can be larger than 1.23 V, it is conceivable that, fo

5、r a system using efficient electrocatalysts to minimize the overpotential, one cell could drive overall water splitting,CH3NH3PbI3 (1.5 eV) , CH3NH3PbBr3(2.3 eV),2.1 One Cell-Driven Water Splitting,Voc = 1.5 V PCE = 10.4 %,One cell with high open-circuit voltage,2.1 One Cell-Driven Water Splitting,B

6、ased on efcient Earth-abundant electrocatalysts reported in the literature, which can reach 20 mAcm2 current density at a voltage lower than 1.5 V for overall water splitting,Solar to hydrogen conversion efciency 10%?,2.2 Two in Series Connected Perovskite Cell,ONE CELL Extremely low overpotential F

7、uctuation in real sunlight,TWO CELLs,This is the rst time that efciency over 10 % has been achieved with low-cost light harvesters and Earth-abundant electrocatalysts.,STH: 12.3 % Theoretical STH : 17.8% (1.5eV),2.3 Two Absorber Tandems,TWO CELLS Double illuminated area Bandgap: Trade-off between th

8、e Current and Voltage,Two Absorber Tandems,Despite great effort toward developing such tandems, the best efficiencies have reached only around 1 %,STH:0.91%,2.3 Two Absorber Tandems,Combining the photoanode and photovoltaic with a platinum cathode for hydrogen evolution, standalone one-sun water spl

9、itting photocurrents of nearly 2 mAcm2 were achieved, corresponding to a STH efficiency of nearly 2.4 %,Photoanode: Fe2O3 most widely studied suitable bandgap stability natural abundance,2.3 Two Absorber Tandems,Efficiencies reach 4.3 % and up to 3.0 % in a wireless “artificial leaf” configuration,P

10、hotoanode: BiVO4 high quantum efficiency large Voc,2.4 Ideal Two Absorber System,The ideal dual-absorber system can be realized by pairing 1.61.8 eV and 1.0 eV bandgap absorbers in a stacked top and bottom configuration,top: 1.0 V bottom: 0.6 V,Perovskite cells should be more suitable as top absorbe

11、rs paired above smaller bandgap absorbers Developing semitransparent perovskite solar cells,Use transparent conductive metal oxides, Ag nanowires or carbon nanotube (CNT) networks to make semitransparent perovskite solar cells,2.4 Ideal Two Absorber System,Ideal Dual-Absorber Tandem Water Splitting

12、Using Perovskite Photovoltaics and CuInxGa1xSe2 Photocathodes,Bottom light harvester: Si and CIGS,Attempts of using mixed absorber CH3NH3PbIxBr3x with 1.7 eV ideal bandgap and high efciency were unsuccessful.,STH:27%,3 CO2 Reduction,H2,High energy Clean Store ? Transport?,CO2,Converting solar energy

13、 into liquid fuel or other useful commodities,Closing the anthropogenic carbon cycle Abundant carbon source,hydrogenation,Hydrocarbon,Formal electrochemical potentials for several CO2 reduction pathways,Chem. Rev. 115, 1288812935 (2015),3.1 Perovskite PV-Driven CO Generation from CO2,CO is the produ

14、ct that stores the largest amount of energy per molecule,Chem. Rev. 115, 1288812935 (2015),Au is one of the best catalysts to make CO from electrochemical CO2 reduction with high Faradic efficiency at low overpotential. Oxygen evolution anode uses iridium oxide (IrO2): high activity, stability again

15、st dissolution.,Maximize the Faradic efficiency,Adjusted the area of the Au electrode,6.5 % solar-to-CO conversion efficiency,4.1 System Design and Engineering,Put PVs in the electrolyte,Put PVs outside wired to catalyst electrodes,Which is rational or better?,Buried device looks more elegant This e

16、legance makes the device suffer from the corrosion of the light harvesters in the electrolyte Blockage of the light absorption by putting protection layer and catalyst on the surface,4.2 Stability Issue and Solution,The stability of the solar fuel devices described here are limited by the stability

17、of the perovskite solar cells,HTM-free : long-term light soaking & heat stress at 85 C,Structure engineering : adding additives,Using inorganic Cs-based perovskite as additive,-FAPbI3,-CsPbI3,-，-FAPbI3,cubic-CsPbI3,4.3 Perspective,Despite remarkable efciencies were achieved, there is still a long way to go toward real application.,Membrane is necessary to separate the products,A,Sola