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1、tpohackerTOEFL IBT全真界面模拟考题Toefl iBT Practice Test TPO 23 Reading Section 1No. of Questions: 14Time: 20 minutesBegin TesttpohackerTOEFL IBT全真界面模拟考题You can use the countdown timer at the left bottom corner of the screen totime your test.press this button to set the timerInput a numberstart countdownpa

2、use countdownCONTINUE15If you cannot see the timer or if you cannot set the timer, youll need to install flash player. Click here to download and install adobe flash player.Set the timer before doing the test. Standard time for doing this test is 20 minutes.Urban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary

3、 processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this

4、 energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where h

5、ouses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer t

6、han the countryside that surrounds it.The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated

7、by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and storedto be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The

8、 second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflections among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce.Shortwave radiatio

9、n from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.V2315Question 1 of 14The word 【enormous】 in the passage is closest in meaning to growingfrightenin

10、g very largestrictly controlledUrban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transforme

11、d in some way. The quantities involved are 【enormous】. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building even

12、tually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even wi

13、thout any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capaci

14、ty of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and storedto be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetativ

15、e blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflections among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome the

16、cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce.Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.V2315Question 2 of 14Th

17、e word 【surpass】 in the passage is closest in meaning to remain belowbe higher than add tocome close toUrban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, soli

18、d waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or 【 surpass 】 the amou

19、nt of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adu

20、lt could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute

21、 to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and storedto be released at night. But in the countrys

22、ide materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflections among the numer

23、ous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce.Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of

24、 the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.V2315Question 3 of 14According to paragraph2, how soon heat from a warmer house reaches the outside air is greatly affected byhow well the house is heated how well the house is insulatedhow many adults live in the househow much sunshine the house re

25、ceivesParagraph 2 is marked with Urban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transfor

26、med in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat. In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eve

27、ntually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even w

28、ithout any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capac

29、ity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and storedto be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetati

30、ve blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflections among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome the

31、 cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce.Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.V2315Question 4 of 14A

32、ccording to paragraph 3, each of the following contributes to making urban areas warmer than the surrounding countryside EXCEPTthe fuel burned by motor vehicleshow well the house is insulatedthe easy flow of heat into the ground in city areas covered by vegetationthe repeated reflection of solar rad

33、iation back and forth among buildingsParagraph 3 is marked with Urban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and ma

34、terials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the

35、heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat

36、 to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it. The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in citi

37、es. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and storedto be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower h

38、eat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflections among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings prese

39、nt and (2) by the dust dome the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urba

40、n surface.V2315Question 5 of 14According to paragraph 3, why do materials in the countryside have a lower heat capacity than materials in cities do?In the countryside the Sun is the only important source of heat.Construction materials in the city are not as good at keeping buildings warm as they are

41、 in the countryside.In the countryside the solar heat that flows into the ground flows out again quickly.Countryside vegetation prevents heat from being trapped in the ground.Paragraph 3 is marked with Urban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism

42、. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularl

43、y in the production of heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces e

44、nough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it. The burning of fu

45、el, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the

46、Sun can be conducted into these materials and storedto be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the cit

47、y from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflections among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more

48、easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.V2315Question 6 of 14How is paragraph 3 organized?It describes two factors that contribute to the increased heat of cities and then provides two causes

49、for the second factor.It describes two causes discovered in an early analysis of the increased heat of cities.It describes two factors that contribute to the increased heat of cities and two other factors that work again it.It describes two well-established caused of the increase heat of cities and

50、other two whose roles are less well understood.Paragraph 3 is marked with Urban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, ener

51、gy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun

52、. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than e

53、nough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it. The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperatu

54、re in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and storedto be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significant

55、ly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflections among the numerous vertical surfaces that build

56、ings present and (2) by the dust dome the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back t

57、o the urban surface.V2315Question 7 of 14The word 【configuration】 in the passage is closest in meaning tolocation history temperatureshapeUrban ClimatesThe city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is m

58、atched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produc