College English (4-5)大学英语精读第四册

1、Unit 5:To Lie or Not to Lie- The Doctors DilemmaIntroductory RemarksWhen treating seriously ill patients, many doctors think that it is best not to tell them the truth about their condition. These doctors sincerely believe that they have good reasons to tell lies for the patients own benefit.But the

2、 author of this article takes a different view on this issue. She gives several reasons why patients, especially those who are dying, should be told the truth. She also discusses the great harm doctors lies do not only to their patients, but also to the doctors themselves and to the entire medical p

3、rofession.And in the last paragraph of the article, the author urges (极力主张) that an open debate (辩论) be held on this issue.PrefacePattern: It is proper (for sb.) to do sth.It is proper + that clause1) It is not proper for you to wear a cap while eating.2) It is proper that you should take an umbrell

4、a with you according to weather forecast.die - dead - death - dying (现在分词)enough (adj.): I have enough money (or money enough).enough (ad.): The work is hard enough.shed light on (upon) = throw light on: explain; account for; make clearer提供线索; 透露情况e.g.: This letter sheds light on the reasons for his

5、 action at the time.To lie or Not To Lie - the Doctors Dilemma(撒谎还是不撒谎-医生的难题)Lines 1 23dilemma: a difficult choice to be made between two possibilities(be) in a dilemma: (be) at a loss what or how to do1) The doctors dilemma is whether he should tell the patient the truth or not.2) Mary was in a dil

6、emma (=at a loss) about whether to go to the party or stay at home to prepare for next weeks exams. lie (vi.): tell a lie lie to sb. = tell a lie (n.) to sb.benefit (vi. & vt.): be good for; do good to e.g.: The sea air will benefit (=do good to / be beneficial to) you.recovery (n.) - recover (v.):

7、be back to a state of normal health after medical treatment 恢复; 痊愈e.g.: Sometimes even a one-day vacation from work is enough to allow us to recover (=regain our strength) and return to work fit and ready to do a better job.conceal (vt.): hide, keep secret1. Tell me the truth; you cant conceal it fo

8、rever.2. The runaway concealed his identity (=kept his identity secret) by wearing a mask and sunglasses.the approach (=coming) of deathe.g.: The Lunar Festival is approaching (= coming).Compare: medicine - pharmaceuticallines (of work): fields, areas of activity or work (行业)e.g.: Mary has been in t

9、he line (=field) of public relations for more than 5 years.the requirements of honesty often dwarfed by greater needs : the requirements of honesty often seem less important when compared with other needdwarf (n.): a person, (or animal or plant) of much less than the usual size 矮子; 侏儒 (v.): cause to

10、 appear small by comparison 使显得矮小; 使相形见绌1) The dwarf sees farther than the giant, when he has the giants shoulders to mount on.2) The newly-built 88-story hotel dwarfs all the other buildings nearby.shelter from brutal news: protect others from unpleasantly correct newsshelter (v.) 躲避; 保护(免受): 1) Th

11、ey were sheltering from the rain in the doorway of the store.2) He sheltered me from blame. 他庇护我, 使我免受责难.brutal (adj.): very cruele.g.: We have to face the brutal fact that Jim is going to die very soon.uphold: defend or support 主张; 支撑e.g.: The law upholds everybodys right to be fairly treated.uphol

12、d a promise of secrecy 恪守保密的诺言expose: reveal; make known; disclose 揭露1) The newspaper exposed the activities of the secret organization.2) They are exposed to the sunlight on the beach.corruption (U): dishonest, illegal or immoral behavior, esp. from sb. with power 腐败; 腐败现象e.g.: Corruption among hig

13、h officials is everywhere in that ing in for a routine physical checkup (常规身体检查):coming to the hospital for a general medical examination to determine the state of his healthgo on vacation : go out for holidays vacation (=holidays) - vocation (= career; profession)deny (= refuse to acknow

14、ledge) that he is illPattern: deny doing (否认做过某事) deny to do (wrong)e.g.: He denied having done anything bad to you.minimize (vt.): reduce to the smallest possible degree把减低到最低程度 - maximizegravity: seriousness 严重性the gravity (引力) of the earthcompare: at least - at mostconfront (vt.): face (vt.) 面对e.

15、g.: We are confronting some complicated problems now.at times: often; sometimes; once in a while时常; 不时地e.g.: We have instant noodles for lunch at times.in sbs eyes = in the eyes of sb. = from ones viewpointe.g.: Tony is over 30 now, but in the eyes of his parents, he is still a child.differ (vi.) fr

16、om: be different from e.g.: English differs from French in many respects.sharply: clearly or distinctlyself-serving ones: lies that serves ones own interests (利己的谎言)the + adj.: the (seriously) ill; the rich; the poorPattern: risk (vt.) + doing sth risk to do (Wrong)1) I couldnt risk missing that tra

17、in.2) He risks being fired for taking commission from the supplier.recover (vi.): He has just recovered from a severe illnessdeteriorate (v.): cause to become worse and worsee.g.: The patients condition has deteriorated (= has become worse and worse) since the mit suicide: do the act of

18、 killing oneselftypes of doctors: physician - surgeon - dentistours = our profession percept: maxim格言; 戒律e.g.: Example is better than percept. (言教不如身教)transcend (vt.): surpass; go beyond 超越; 胜过1) The power of God transcends all human knowledge.2) The grandeur of Niagara Falls transcends words.virtue

19、 (U): moral goodness 美德utter: speak; say; make (a sound) with ones own voiceutter the truth for truths sake为讲实话而讲实话e.g.: He uttered a cry of fear when the dog suddenly charged at him.do harm = do harm to ; injuree.g.: Excessive drinking will do you a lot of harm (=do a lot of harm to you = injure yo

20、u greatly).Lines 24 - 42be armed with: be equipped with以装备e.g.: a warship armed with (equipped with) nuclear weaponsCompare: a number of + noun (pl.); the number of +noun (pl.)e.g.: A number of students are from Shanghai.e.g.: The number of students from Shanghai is 150.slip into: fall into; enter (

21、esp. through carelessness) 不知不觉地陷入(某种状态, 习惯等)1) He slipped into the bad habit again. 他不知不觉地又开始了那种坏习惯.2) It is easy to slip into (=fall into) bad habits but very difficult to break away from them.deceptive (=deceiving or misleading) practices骗人的做法they assume (=think) 插入语prescribe (v.)开药方 innumerable:

22、 too many to be countedplacebo: substance given instead of real medicine to a patient for psychological effect安慰剂,宽心药, (无害的)假药sound (v): say sth. warrant (v.): guarantee 保证1. The manufacturers warrant that all the washing machines they supply are properly tested.2. The sellers warrant these eggs (to

23、 be) free from bird-flu.They may prescribe innumerable placebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant: They may give the patients all kinds of medicines more for their mental relief than for the actual benefit the medicine may bring them, give more hope of their recovery than their real con

24、ditions promise.distort (vt.): give a false or misleading account of 歪曲1. You have distorted what I said.2. He is a liar and will distort the factsgrave (adj.): seriousincurable: in + (cure +able)the incurable: person who cannot be curedthe dying 濒临死亡的人illusory (adj.): unreal, based upon an illusion

25、虚幻的document (vt.): prove or support by means of documents, facts, etc. 用文件证明e.g.: Can you document your theory with facts?But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documented: But evidence is being provided which shows that the benefits such decep

26、tion is expected to produce are false by nature.contrary to (sth.): completely opposite to; different frome.g.: Everything that has been done is contrary to what he said he would do.overwhelming (adj.) 压倒性的 an overwhelming majorityfeel betrayed: feel deceived感到被骗; 感到被出卖1) The public felt betrayed wh

27、en the President went back on his promise not to raise taxes.2) Who could have thought that he had betrayed his best friend to the enemy?mislead: cause (sb.) to think or act wrongly; make (sb.) believe sth. which is not true误导e.g.: Dont be misled by his size; he is still a child.humanely: tenderly o

28、r kindly, kind-heartedly人道地,仁慈地convey (v): make known, communicate, express传达/递;说明e.g.: I cant convey my feelings in words.cope with: deal with / handle (sth. especially difficult)tolerate (vt.): put up with; endure; beare.g.: The workers said they couldnt tolerate the poor working conditions any lo

29、nger.surgery: 外科手术benevolent (=kindly or friendly) deception出于好意的欺骗advocate (vt. & n.) 鼓吹, 倡导(者)e.g.: Prof. Li is one of the first advocates of socialist market economy.invade (vt.): enter (a country) with armed forces; interfere withautonomy: freedom to determine ones own actions, etc.自主e.g.: auton

30、omous region 自治区render (vt.): make; cause to becomee.g.: The shock of her husbands death rendered her completely unable to work.make informed choices: make choices based on good knowledge and informationwhether to be a patient是否住院治疗 in the first place首先become increasingly (=more and more) aware of a

31、ll that (=what)befall (v.): (of sth. bad) happen to (sb.) (不幸之事等)降临到;发生e.g.: Bad luck befell him yesterday. befall befell befallenLines 43 53dying patients especially (=above all)keep / leave in the dark: keep uninformed被蒙在鼓里e.g.: Peter kept his parents in the dark about his bad examination results.

32、make decisions about the end of life作出临终前的种种有关决择have surgery: have an operation on (sb or some part of the body)spend ones remaining (=rest) time 度过余生bring to a close / end / conclusion把/使了结e.g.: The author brings the first chapter of his book to a close by giving a brief account of the advances (wh

33、ich) science has made since liberation.take leave (在这里指)与世长辞ask for leave; ask for sick leave; His annual leave is 25 days. 1. integrity (U): honesty, uprightness诚实, 正直a man of moral integrity一个有道德人1) His integrity prevents him from doing anything wrong.2) The integrity of the judge is unquestionabl

34、e.2. integrity (U): 完整 defend our territory integrity捍卫我们的领土完整in the long run: in the end, in the final analysis or outcome 从长远的观点看, 终究 (反义词组) in the short rune.g.: If you are always involved in the stock market, you may make money in the short run, but you will no doubt lose money in the long run.c

35、redibility (U): trustworthiness, the quality of being believable可靠性, 可信性e.g.: L/C will be issued / opened on the basis of the credibility of that companys financial status.hurt (vt.): do harm to e.g.: Never say anything that may hurt her feelings.Compare: as well; as well as1. He can speak English a

36、s well as French.2. He can speak English and French as well.Compare: colleague - fellow worker - partnersuspicion (n.): doubt怀疑 deceit (n.): cheating欺骗undercut (vt.): undermine 暗中破坏, weaken削弱scrupulously: carefully and conscientiously一丝不苟地e.g.: Mathematicians always deal with matters with scrupulous

37、 precision. (以一丝不苟的精确性)Pattern: be honest with sb. 对某人诚实contribute to: (1) be helpful to有助于; e.g.: Cigarette smoking is a major factor contributing to lung cancer.(2) cause to be the reason of归因于 e.g.: Your passing CET Band-4 contributes to your good command of English grammar.spiral (n.) 螺旋(形), 盘旋上

38、升 lawsuit: litigationthe spiral of lawsuits and of “defensive medicine” 使法律诉讼和 “防御性诊治”事件增多defend (vt.) - defensive (adj.) medicine防御性治疗injure (vt.): hurt, wound or do harm (esp.) to ones body, reputation or feelings1) Two women and three children were injured in a car accident yesterday afternoon.2)

39、 Attacks from people like them are not likely to injure his reputation.in turn 转而, 反过来e.g.: Money can make ones life better, but money, in turn, may destroy ones life.the entire medical profession整个医疗界Lines 54 69sharp conflicts尖锐的/剧烈的冲突conflict (vi. & n.) Pattern: conflict with / conflict with (betw

40、een) / in conflict (with)1. This statement conflicts (vi.) with the one they made last month.2. There is no conflict (n.) between church and state in Britain today but there were many conflicts in the past.3. The products manufactured by these two companies are in conflict with each other.arise (vi.

41、): appear; happen; come into existencee.g.: The question arises as to whether we should go or not.press (v.): press for answer催促答复 be pressed for time时间紧张patients bills of rights病人人权法案Pattern: require / demand + that clause (用should或省略)e.g.: The situation required that he (should) stay here.alternat

42、ive: a choice between two or more things选择e.g.: There are three alternatives for his treatment and most doctors are for the first one.go to great lengths: do everything that is necessary竭尽全力e.g.: He would go to great/any lengths to get what he wanted.eloquent (adj.) 雄辩的in hospitals with the most elo

43、quent bill of rights在对病人的权益考虑得最周到的医院里age-old practices古老的做法, 多年的做法disapprove (vi.) of sth: not agree to sth. ; object to sth.e.g.: My father disapproves of long hair (my having long hair).Pattern: refrain (vi.) from doing sth.: keep oneself from; avoid1) You must refrain from eating too much.2) He c

44、ould hardly refrain from laughing on hearing my joke.object (vi.): be opposed; feel dislike Pattern: object to sth. / doing sth. = be against1. Robert objected to being treated like a child.2. Mom objected to us / our going on vacation alone.Pattern: resent doing: feel angry at doing 因而气愤e.g.: I res

45、ented being insulted.take a stand: declare ones opinion or attitude表明态度e.g.: I think everyone should take a stand on such an issue.bitterly resent: feel very / extremely angryPattern: There is an urgent need to do sth.急需做某事debate (=discuss formally) sth. openly (=publicly)公开辩论某事e.g.: The United Nati

46、ons Security Council will debate the issue (问题, 论点, 争论) tomorrow.in medicine 在医疗业 in other professions在其他行业practitioner: a professional man, esp. in medicine or in law开业者(尤指医生, 律师等)find themselves repeatedly (=again and again) in difficultyconsequence: outcome; result avoidable (adj.) - unavoidableP

47、attern: find oneself in difficulty 发现自己处于困境be wary of / about: be cautious of 对保持警惕/谨慎小心e.g.: We should be wary of / about stock share information issued by that professional.root (v.) 使(植物)生根 be deeply rooted根深蒂固erode (vt.): wear away; eat into腐蚀 erode trust有损信誉saying (n.): saying and doing言行; a wi

48、se saying金玉良言; the old saying俗话e.g.: As the saying goes, “time and tide wait for no man.”常言道: “岁月不待人”the old saying, “What you dont know cant hurt you.”俗话道: “不知者, 不为所害”Key to Exercises (Unit 5)II.Comprehension of the Text (p. 112)1. Choose the best answer for each of the following:1.C2.D3.C4.B5.B6.A

49、7.D8.DIII. Vocabulary Activities (pp. 113 - 116)1. Fill in each of the blanks in the following sentences with a word or phrase chosen from the Words & Phrases to Drill box. Change the form where necessary.1.in eyes 2.mote4.Contrary to5.Corruption6.betrayed7.brings to a close8.risked9.in t

50、he long run10. distorted 11.utters12.At times2. Replace the italicized parts in the following sentences with words or expressions chosen from the Words & Phrases to Drill box:1.tolerate2.went to great lengths3.was rendered4.in his friends eyes5.concealed6.refrain from7.concerning8.injure9.slip into1

51、0.professional11.invaded12.arises13.took his leave14.day after day15.minimize3. Complete the following sentences with appropriate phrasal verbs formed from the verbs given below:1.differs from2.contributing to3.shelter from4.go on5.has slipped into6.hoping for7.refrain from8.pressing for4. Paraphras

52、e the following sentences, using the words or phrases in brackets:1. Mr. Park is a strong advocate of free market policies.2. The new way to treat arthritis provides an alternative to painkillers.3. Please refrain from using such coarse language when talking to innocent young girls.4. The shock of h

53、er aunts death rendered her completely unable to go on working.5. As she matured politically, she became increasingly sympathetic to the cause of communism.IV. Enriching Your Word Power (p. 116)1. Complete the following table:imagination - imaginary (adj.)contradiction (n.) - contradictorysatisfacti

54、on - satisfactory planet - planetaryarbitration - arbitrary preparation - preparatorylegend - legendary compulsion - compulsorysecond - secondary honor - honorary2. Combine the nouns in Column A with suitable adjectives in Column B so as to form compound adjectives:1.pitch black2.blood-thirsty3.airt

55、ight4.headstrong5.bone-dry6.sky-blue7.tax-deductible8.newsworthy9.drug-resistant10.class-consciousV.Usage (p. 117)Now fill in the blanks with also or as well or too according to the context:1.also2.too3.Also4.too5.as well / too6.too7.also8.as well / tooVI. Structure (p. 118)1.Complete the following

56、sentences, using contrary to:1. My sisters view is contrary to mine.2. They persuaded Joe that what he wished to do was contrary to the regulations.3. Things turned out quite contrary to what we had expected.4. Contrary to what I thought, the play has proved to be very successful.5. Contrary to all advice, he insisted on leaving the next morning.2. Join each pair of the following sentences by changing one of them into a subordinate clause:1. At early dawn the retired professor was seen strolling near where the monument stood.2. Peter has always been in go