普格尔_国际经济学课件chapter14 trade policies for developing countries

1、Chapter 14Trade Policies for Developing CountriesMcGraw-Hill/Irwin 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.Outline of chapter 141. Which trade policy for developing countries?2. Are the long-run price trends against primary producers?3. International cartels to raise primary- produ

2、ct prices4. Import-substitution industrialization(ISI)5. Exports of manufactures to industrial countriesFigure 14.1 - Growth Rates, 1990-2003, and Levels of Income Per Capita, 20031. Which trade policy for developing countries? Trade Policy Alternatives for a Developing CountryA. Focus on exporting

3、primary productsB. Attempt to raise the world prices of primary products that are exportedC. Protect and encourage new industries that produce products sold into the local marketD. Encourage new industries that produce products that are exportedTwo challenges：Capital markets and labor markets work l

4、ess efficiently2. Are the long-run price trends against primary producers? The relative price of primary products is depressed by engels law and synthetic substitutes Two other basic forces tend to raise the relative price of primary products:1. natures limits,2. relatively slow productivity growth

5、in the primary sectorFigure 14.2 - The Relative Price of Primary Products, 1900-20033. International cartels to raise primary-product prices OECD:The international crude-oil cartel formed by the governments of a number of the major crude-oil producing countries in the world. The OPEC Victories Class

6、ic monopoly as an extreme model for cartelsFigure 14.3 - A Cartel as a Profit- Maximizing MonopolyErosion of Cartel Power Declining demand as buyers respond by switching to substitutes Increasing responsiveness of competing supply from noncartel producers Declining share of the cartelsproduction in

7、the world market Cheating by the cartel members The oil price increase since 1999 Other primary products4. Import-substitution industrialization(ISI) a development strategy in which the government encourages the growth of domestic manufacturing industries by imposing high barriers to the imports of

8、a range of manufactured products4. Import-Substituting IndustrializationPotential strengths Infant industries can grow up Developing government can get much-needed revenue The countrys international terms of trade can improve Information on demand is acquired cheaplyActual experience Deadweight losses from resource misallocation Developing countries practicing or adopting freer- trade policies grow more quickly5. Exports of manufactures to industrial countriesA. DiscriminatedB. Nontariff import barr