大学英语教案

1、大学英语教案Unit 2 Deer and the Energy CyclePreview:1. Learn the vocabuary and read through the text2. ScanningDirections: Scan the text and discuss in pairs, list the facts about the life of deer in four seasons.Summer :adult males:adult females:fawns:Fall : Winter : Spring :Period 1-2 Background Informa

2、tion and Global ReadingI. Warm-up and Background Information2. 卡尔达舍夫等级1964 年，俄罗斯天体物理学家尼古拉 - 卡尔达舍夫提出了这样一个理论： 他认为人类文明的技术进步与将其国民可控制的能源总量息息相关。 根据这条思路， 他从低到高确定了银河系中文明发展的三种类型：大学英语教案类型 I ：该文明是行星能源的主人，这意味着他们可以主宰整个世界能源的总和。类型 II ：该文明能够收集整个恒星系统的能源。类型 III ：该文明可以利用银河系系统的能源而为其所用。II. Global Reading2. Questions and

3、 Answers part 2-318-20Period 3-4 Detailed ReadingPart One (1) It is energy, not love or money, that makes the world go round.Some persons say that love makes the world go round. Othersof a less romantic and more practicalturn of mind say that it isntlove; its money. But the truth is that itis energy

4、 that makes theworld go round. Energy is the currencyof the ecologicalsystemand life becomes possible only when foodis converted intoenergy,which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On this cycle all life depends.1.2. turn n. a natural tendency; inclination3. curr

5、ency n.4. ecological a.ecology n.大学英语教案5. convert vt. change (from one form, use, etc. into another);cause (a person) to change his beliefs, etc.convert into;convert from; convert to改信6. 1) in due course or succession 2) one after anotherHe that shuts Love out, in turn shall be shut out from Love.(T

6、ennyson)by turnsat the turn (of the century7.paragraph 2-6It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year toyear by eating as much as they can during times of plenty , the summer and fall, storing the excess , usually in the form of fat,and then using these reserve s of fat to survive du

7、ring the hard times in winter when food is scarce . But it is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer.1. times of plenty:2. What is the grammatical function of “eating ., storing ., and then using.”?大学英语教案3. excess: n.

8、过量，过度exceed v. 超过in excess of 超过4. reserve v. n. 储备（物）reserve, preserve & conserve 保持，保存reserve 正式用词 preserve conserve5. scarce: adj. 缺乏的scarce, rare & uncommon 稀罕的，很少发生 scarcerareuncommonA good case in point is the whiter-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the s

9、ummer andfall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceive d in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her bodys needs b

10、ut also to produce milk for her fawns. The best milk production occurs大学英语教案at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing , because milk production is an energy consumingprocess it requires a lot of food. The cost can not be met unless the region has ample food resources.1

11、. a good case in point: a good example of what is being talked aboutin pointin casein case ofin any casein no case2. A physically mature female deer in good conditionmature a. full grown and developedfemale a. of the sex that gives birth to younga female person, animal or plantmale n.3. conceive vt.

12、 become pregnant with (young); form (an idea, plan, etc.) in the mind4. give birth to大学英语教案5.6. Paraphrase the second underlined sentence.7. meet vt. satisfy;make (both) ends meet; meet the need of8. consume: eat or drink, use, use upAsthesummer progress esand the fawnsgrow,theybecomeless dependento

13、n theirmothersmilkandmoredependent on growing plants as food sources. The adult malesspend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. Both malesand females continue to eathigh quality foodin the fall in orderto depositbody fat for the winter.In the case of doesandfawns, a great deal of energy isexp

14、end edeither inmilkproduction or in growing, and fat is notaccumulated as quicklyas it is in full grown males. Fat reserves are likebank account sto be draw n on in the winter whenfood suppliesare limited andsometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow.1. progress: 进展，进步2. “High quality food ”3

15、. deposit: vt. put or store for safe keeping; keep (money) in a bankShe had just deposited a large sum of money in her account.大学英语教案4. In case of:5. expend: vt.expend, spend & cost expendspend cost6. accumulate: v. make or become greater in number or quantity; collect or gather little by littleHe q

16、uickly accumulated a large fortune.7. draw on 利用，动用As fall turns into winter, other changes take place. Fawnslose their spottedcoat. Hair on all the deer becomesdarkerand thicker. The change in the hair coats is usually completeby September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December

17、 when the weather becomes cold.But in addition , nature provides a further safeguard to helpdeer survive the winter an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism , or rate of bodily function ing, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy. The deer大学英语教案become somewhat slow

18、and drowsy. The heart rate drops. Animals that hibernate practice energy conservation to a greater extreme than deer do. Although deer dont hibernate,they do the same thing with their seasonal rhythm s in metabolism. Deer spend more energy and store fat in the summer and fall when food is abundant ,

19、 and spend less energy and use stored fat in the winter when food is less available .1.2. in addition3. a further ssafeguard:Deer have another natural means of protection against the threat of the cold winter.safeguard n. a means of protection against sth. unwanted预防措施3.4. expenditure n.5. What are

20、the sight of “an internal physiological response ”?6.somewhat: adv. more than a little but not very大学英语教案Shes somewhat more confident than she used to be.7. Rate: speed, rate& pace 速度、速率 speedrate pace8. abundant: adj. more than enough China has abundant natural resources. We have abundant proof of

21、his guilt.When the energy crisis first came in 1973-1974, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of an area where deer spend the winter in northern Minnesota, observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summerand fall to less as winter progressed, followed by an in

22、crease again in the spring as the snow melted. It was interesting and rather amusing to listen to the advice given on the radio:Drive only when necessary, we were told. Put on moreclothes to stay warm, and turn the thermostat on your furnace down . Meanwhile we watched the deer reduce their activity

23、, grow a winter coat of hair, and reduce their metabolism as they大学英语教案have forthousands of years.It is biologicallyreasonablefordeer to reduce their cost of living to increase their chance ofsurviving in winter.Not every winter iscriticalfor deer of course. If the winterhas light snow, survival and

24、productivity next spring willbehigh. But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold forseveralweeks, thenthe deer must spendmore energytomove about , food will be harder to find, and they must thendepend more on their fat reserves topull them through. If suchconditions go on for too long some w

25、ill die, and only the largestand strongest are likely to survive. That is afundamental ruleof life for wild, free wandering animal such as deer.1. Why should people drive only when necessary?2.3. amusing a. funnyamuse vt. cause to laugh or smile4. not every: not each or all members of a groupNot eve

26、ry student in the class passed the examination. 请看下面例子：1. All is not lost.大学英语教案2. All that glitters is not gold.3. Not all criminals can be reformed.4. Not every President is a leader.5. Everything is not perfect.6. Both the universities are not ideal.5. move about: travel around; go from one place

27、 to another6. pull through: survive or help (sb.) survive a period of danger or crisis7. fundamental: adj. basic; very importantPart Three (10-11) Life depends on energy, thus the cycle continues.Yes, life and death, too - is a cycle that goes round and round, and when animals die their bodies becom

28、e food for other life forms to use by converting them into energy.And the cycle continues.Period 5-6 PracticeP40英语部分否定归纳Partial Negation大学英语教案英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：一、 all 的否定式： not all （或： all not）表示 并非都、不是所有的都 例如：Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.)Not all bamboo grows tal

29、l.二、 both 的否定式： not both ( 或： both not) 并非两个 都 例如：I dont want both the books.Both (the) windows are not open.三、 every 的否定式： 不是每 都 例如：Not every book is educative. ( 或： Every book is not educative.)Not everyone likes this book.This flower is not seen everywhere.四、 always 的否定式： 并非总是（并非一直） 例如：He is not

30、always so sad.五、 entirely, altogether, completely和 quite 的否定式： 不完全 ，并非完全 例如：The businessman is never to be entirely trusted.He felt not altogether satisfied.I dont agree completely.大学英语教案What he did was not quite proper.六、all the time的否定式：并非一直 、 未必老是 例如：A foolish man doesnt make a mistake all the ti

31、me.七、 not and 的否定式， 被否定的往往是and 后面的那一部分。例如：He did not speak clearly and correctly.This film is not interesting andinstructive.She cannot sing and dance.如果将and换成or ，not对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。He did not speak clearly or correctly.如 要对上述的all,both,every,always,以及entirely,altogether, completely, quite和all the tim

32、e等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词, 例如：All of them can do it.-Both are good.-Everybody likes it. -He is always late. -We dont trust them entirely. -He was here all the time. -英语和汉语在否定的表达形式上存在着许多差异， 我国学生往往会以中国人的思维方式和习惯用法去套英语，这样在汉译英时难免会出现一些错误。部分常见的错误举例如下：1、未经允许， 任何人不得入内。 误：anybody can not come in without permi

33、ssion.正：Nobody can come in without permission. 任何 不 是汉语中常用的否定句式，而在英语have completed his design.He did not come here to ask us for help.大学英语教案中与 any 构成的合成词或被any修饰的词语作主语时， 谓语动词不能用否定式， 因此 any .not 的表达形式不符合英语的习惯。翻译这类句子时须用否定形式的主语 +肯定形式的谓语。但当 any 的合成词或 any 所修饰的词带有后置定语时，谓语可以用否定式，如：干那种事的人都是不诚实的。Anyone who do

34、es that isnt honest.2、听到这个消息后， 没有一个人不感到兴奋。误：Having heard the news, nobody didnot feel excited. 正： Having heard the news, everybody felt excited.汉语中常用 没有 +主语+ 不+ 谓语 这一双重否定的结构，而英语中否定形式的主语习惯上不能与否定形式的谓语连用。因此 nobody.not 的结构不符合英语的表达习惯。翻译这类句子时，（ 1 ）可把主语和谓语都改成肯定形式；(2) 也可用另一结构的双重否定式：there be + 否定的主语 +否定形式的定语

35、从句， 如： There was nobody who did not feel excited.或：There was nobodybut felt excited.3、这两本书都不是英国出版的。误： Both of the books are not published in England.正： Neither of the books is publishedin England.我不同意所有这些方案。误： Idontagree to all these projects.正： I agree to none of these projects.或： I dont agree to a

36、nyof these projects.英语中的概括词all, every, both,以及与 every构成的合成词，用于否定句式时，只表示部分否定，常译成并非 都 ，因此两个错误译句的含义分别为：并非两本书都是英国出版的，并非所有这些方案我都同意。要表达全部否定意义时，英语须用全否定词语，如 none neither, no, nobody, nothing, notany, noteither等。4、这台车床不能再用了， 那台也一样。 误：This lathe can not be used any longer, andthat one cant, too.正： This lathe

37、can not be used any longer, and that one cnat either.或： This lathe can not be used any longer, neither (nor) can that one.否定句中的 也 不能译成 too, 而须用 either ，或用 neither(nor) 的倒装句型。5、你不必为你的军衔和薪金担心。误： You wont have to worry about rank and pay.正： You wont have to worry about rank or pay.在肯定句中用 and 来连接两个并列成分，

38、表示 和 ，但在否定句中 and 应改为 or,这时否定词对 or 的前后部分同时加以否定。6、这些规章制度多不完善！误： How not perfect the rules and regulations are!正：How imperfect the rules and regulations are!汉语中的感叹句可用否定式，如：多不光彩呀！多不容易呀！ 而英语中的感叹句不能用否定式，我们可用反义词或带有否定词缀的词来表示。7、我认为这不值得一试。误： I think this is not worth trying.正： I dont think this isworth trying

39、. 英语中表臆想、猜测的动词think,believe,fancy,expect, guess, imagine,suppose 等，如果带有否定的宾语从句， 宾语从句中的否定词通常提前， 用来否定主句的谓语动词。尤其是 think, 按习惯用法，否定词只能置于 think 前。8、他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。误： He came here not to ask us for help.正：否定状语时，英语中的否定词一般不直接置于被否定词语前，通常置于谓语动词前。只有当两个部分加以对比时，即不是 而是 时，否定词才可直接置于状语前。如：他来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助，而是来给我们提供一些信

40、息。 He came here not to ask us for help, but to give us some information.即使在这一结构中，英语还是常把否定词置于谓语动词前。9、他的设计肯定还没完成。误：He mustnt have completed his design.正： He cant对比较有把握的推测， 肯定句中用 must ，而否定句中用 cant ，对过去的推测，在 must 和 cant 后接完成形式Unit 3 自学大学英语教案要求： 1、有笔记2、提问包括单词，语法，课文理解及句子翻译（计入平时成绩）Period 1-2 Background Inf

41、ormation and Global ReadingI. Background Information1. George Orwell2. George Bernard Shaw3. The Flat Earth Theory and the Round Earth Theory4. EclipsesII. Global Reading1. Part divisionPeriod 3-4 Detailed ReadingSomewhereor other Ithink itis inthe prefacetoSaint Joan Bernard Shawremarksthatweare mo

42、regullible andsuperstitioustoday than we were in the MiddleAges, and as an example of moderncredulity hecitesthewidespread belief that the earth is round. The average man,says Shaw, canadvancenot a singlereason forthinkingthat the earthis round.He merelyswallow s this theory大学英语教案becausethereis some

43、thingaboutit thatappeal s to thetwentieth-centurymentality .Now, Shawis exaggerating,but thereissomethinginwhathe says, andthequestion is worthfollowing up, for the sake ofthe light it throws onmodern knowledge.Just why do we believe that the earth is round? I am not speaking of the few thousandastr

44、onomers, geographers and so forth who could giveocularproof, or have a theoreticalknowledge of the proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen, such as you or me.As forthe Flat Earth theory, I believe I couldrefuteit. If you stand by the seashore ona clear day, you can see the mastsand funn

45、elsofinvisibleships passingalongthehorizon . This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earthssurface iscurve d. But it does not follow that the earth isspherical. Imagine another theory calledthe Oval Earth theory, which claims that the earth is shaped like an egg. What can I sayaga

46、inst it?Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is theanalogyof the sun andmoon. The Oval Earth man promptly answers that I dontknow, by my own observation,that thosebodiesare spherical. I only know that they are round, and they may perfectlywell be flat discs. I have no answer to that

47、 one. Besides, he goes on, what reason have Ifor thinking that the earth must be the same shape as the sun and moon? I cantanswerthat one either.My second card is the earths shadow : whencaston the moon during eclipses, itappears to be the shadow of a round object. But how do I know, demands the Ova

48、l Earthman, that eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth? The answer is thatI don tknow, but have taken this piece of information blindly from newspaper articles andscience booklets.Defeated in the minor exchanges,I now play my queen of trumps: the opinion of theexperts. The Astro

49、nomerRoyal , who ought to know, tells me that the earth is round. TheOval Earthman covers the queenwithhis king. HaveI testedtheAstronomer Royalsstatement, and would I even know a way of testing it? Here Ibring outmy ace. Yes, I doknow one test. The astronomerscanforetelleclipses, andthissuggeststha

50、t theiropinionsabout the solarsystemarepretty sound . Iam,tomydelight,justifiedinaccepting their say-so about the shape of the earth.If the Oval Earth man answers what I believe is true that the ancient Egyptians,who thought the sun goes round the earth, could alsopredicteclipses,then bang goesmy ace. I have