电镀技术员基础知识培训.ppt

1、ELECTROPLATING TRAINING 电镀培训,OUTLINE内容提要,INTRODUCTION 介绍 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 电化学 CLEANING & PREPLATE 清洗及预镀,NICKEL 镍 Copper 铜 DECORATIVE CHROMIUM 装饰铬 TESTING 测试 FILTRATION 过滤 TROUBLE SHOOTING 故障处理,WHAT IS ELECTROPLATING ?什么是电镀？,THE DEPOSITION OF A METALLIC COATING UPON A NEGATIVELY CHARGED CATHODE BY TH

2、E PASSING OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT 在电流通过时，有金属层沉积在带负电荷的阴极表面.,WHAT IS THE PURPOSE ?电镀的目的是什么？,TO OBTAIN A METALLIC COATING HAVING CERTAIN PROPERTIES SUCH AS HARDNESS, BRIGHTNESS, CORROSION RESISTANCE AND TO REPRODUCE IDENTICAL FORMS IN ELECTROFORMING. 是为了得到具有某种特性的金属层，如：硬度、光亮度、耐腐性及在电铸方面复制同样的形状.,REQUIREMEN

3、TS要求,SOURCE OF DIRECT CURRENT 直流电源 A PLATING TANK 电镀槽 A SOLUTION CONTAINING THE DISSOLVED SALTS OF THE METAL TO BE PLATED 含有待镀的可溶性金属盐的溶液 ANODE ( POSITIVE ELECTRODE ) 阳极（正电极） A PREPARED OBJECT - CATHODE ( NEGATIVE ELECTRODE ) 准备好的待镀工件-阴极（负电极）,WHAT IS DIRECT CURRENT ? 何为直流电？,THE FLOW OF ELECTRONS IN T

4、HE SAME DIRECTION BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ELECTRODES 在正负电极之间电子向同样的方向移动.,WHAT IS A PLATING SOLUTION ?电镀液是什么？,A CONDUCTING MEDIUM FOR THE MOVEMENT OF METAL IONS IN SOLUTION BETWEEN AN ANODE AND A CATHODE 溶液中在阳极与阴极间金属离子移动的导电介质.,WHAT IS pH ?什么是pH值？,THE MEASUREMENT OF ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY 用来度量酸碱度的

5、 ON A SCALE FROM 0 TO 14 pH值的范围处于0-14之间 0 TO 6.9 BEING ACIDIC AND 7.1 TO 14 ALKALINE AND 7.0 BEING NEUTRAL. 小于7的为酸性，大于7且小于等于14的为碱性，7.0为中性,HOW ARE PLATING SOLUTION MAINTAINED ?如何维护电镀液？,CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTITUENTS 持续的化学分析 HULL CELL PLATING TESTS赫氏槽电镀测试 ADDITION OF CHEMICALS添加化学品 ELIMINATION

6、OF CONTAMINANTS去除污染物 PERIODIC PURIFICATION定期净化 REGULAR INSPECTION OF PARTS FOR DEFECTS 缺陷/次品的常规检查 PHYSICAL TESTING物理测试,WHAT IS A METAL ION ?什么是金属离子？,A METAL ION IS AN ATOM OF A METAL HAVING A POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE 金属离子是带正电荷的金属原子(失去电子),WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF METAL IONS ?金属离子来自何处？,METAL SALTS IN

7、 PLATING SOLUTION 电镀液中的金属盐 SOLUBLE METAL ANODES 可溶性的金属阳极,CLEANING & PREPLATE清洗与预镀,PURPOSE FOR CLEANING清洗的目的,TO PROVIDE ADHESION ON THE SUBSEQUENT DEPOSITS 保障后续的镀层的结合力. TO OBTAIN A HIGH QUALITY FINISH DEPOSIT 得到高品质的完美镀层 TO OBTAIN THE DESIRED PROPERTIES OF THE DEPOSITS 镀层具有期望的各种特性.,EFFECTS OF IMPROPER

8、 CLEANING不正确清洗的影响,POOR BONDING TO BASE METAL 与基体(素材)金属间差的结合力 PEELING OF DEPOSIT镀层的起皮 SKIP PLATE漏镀 MICRO ROUGHNESS微观粗糙 PITTING起泡 POOR CORROSION RESISTANCE 差的耐腐性 CONTAMINATED BATHS 污染镀液,PRECLEANING OPTIONS预清洗的选择,MECHANICAL CLEANING 机械清洗 WET OR DRY BLASTING 干法喷砂/丸 SOLVENT CLEANING 溶剂清洗 DEGREASING, EMUL

9、SION, DIPHASE 脱脂、乳化、固液相分离. ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗 SPRAY, SOAK, ELECTRO, ULTRASONIC 喷射、浸泡、电解、超声波 ACID CLEANING 酸洗 SOAK, ELECTRO 浸泡、电解,HOW CLEANERS WORK清洁剂如何工作,DISPERSION 分散,DIRT污垢,COATED WITH SURFACTANT 覆盖了表面活性剂,HOW CLEANERS WORK清洗剂如何工作,SAPONIFICATION 皂化,VEGETABLE OILS植物油,SOLUBLE ALKALI SOAPS可溶性的碱性肥皂,H

10、OW CLEANERS WORK清洗剂如何工作,EMULSIFICATION乳化,MINERAL OIL矿物油,COATED WITH EMULSIFIERS覆盖了乳化剂,TYPE OF CLEANING清洗的种类,SOLVENT DEGREASING 溶剂脱脂 ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗 SPRAY CLEANING 喷射清洁洗 ACID PICKLING 浸酸,TYPE OF CLEANING清洗的种类,SOLVENT CLEANING 溶剂脱脂 MIXTURES OF SUITABLE SOLVENTS AND SURFACTANTS. 适合的溶剂和表面活性剂的混合 USE

11、D IN VAPOR DEGREASING. 在蒸汽除油时使用 MINIMAL USE DUE TO HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS. 由于健康和环境方面的考虑尽量少使用,ALKALINE CLEANERS 碱洗,THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS 三种主要成份 BUILDERS-SODIUM HYDROXIDE 氢氧化钠 or 主体 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 氢氧化钾 SILICATES 硅酸盐 CARBONATES 碳酸盐 CONDENSED PHOSPHATES 浓缩磷酸盐 ADDITIVES- CHELATING AGENTS

12、 TO COUNTERACT EFFECTS OF HARD WATER AND METAL IONS. 添加剂-螯合物可以消除硬水和金属离子的影响. SURFACTANTS-DISPLACE AND DISPERSE SOIL. LOWER SURFACE TENSION OF CLEANER AT METAL SURFACE FOR UNIFORM COVERAGE. 表面活性剂-置换和分散污物，降低金属表面上清洗剂的表面张力,让金属表面被清洗液完全覆盖.,TYPES OF ALKALINE CLEANERS碱洗的类型,SOAK 浸泡 HIGH INFINITY FOR OILS AND

13、GREASES DUE TO HIGH SURFACTANT CONTENT 高的表面活性剂的含量可除去大量的油脂 DESIGNED FOR SPECIFIC CLEANING 为某些清洗而设计. SPRAY 喷射 MECHANICAL IMPINGEMENT AND CHEMICAL CLEANING 机械冲击与化学冲洗 LOW FOAMING 低泡,TYPES OF ALKALINE CLEANING碱洗的类型,CATHODIC ELECTRO 阴极电镀 -GREATEST GAS EVOLUTION 产生大量的气体 -REDUCES OXIDE 减少氧化 -DEPOSITS SMUT 脏

14、物会沉积到阴极上. ANODIC - ELECTRO 阳极电镀 -REMOVES SMUT 移走污物 -TOLERANCE TO METAL IMPURITIES 容忍金属杂质 -FORMS OXIDE FILM 形成氧化膜,TYPES OF ALKALINE CLEANING碱洗的类型,ULTRASONIC SOAK 超声波-浸泡 ENERGY FROM SOUND WAVES BEYOND THE AUDIBLE RANGE BREAKS DOWN DIRT PARTICLES DUE TO FREQUENCY THAT RANGE OF 15 TO 40 kHz. 由于频率在15-40K

15、Hz之间，超出听力范围的声波的能量将污物微粒分解,ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗,CATHODIC ELECTROCLEANING 阴极电除油 HYDROGEN LIBERATED AT THE CATHODE. THE VOLUME OF THE HYDROGEN IS TWICE THAT OF OXYGEN GENERATED AT THE ANODE. 阴极释放出氢气，氢气量是阳极释放的氧气量的两倍. ACTIVATES SURFACE. 活化表面. CERTAIN OXIDE FILMS ARE REDUCED. 某些氧化膜被还原. A DISADVANTAGE IS TH

16、AT METALLIC IONS CAN DEPOSIT ON THE WORK AS A LOOSE ADHERENT SMUT. 缺点是金属离子会以疏松的污物形式沉积在工件表面.,ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗,ANODIC ELECTROCLEANING 阳极电解除油 OXYGEN LIBERATED AT THE ANODE. THIS TYPE OF CLEANING WILL REMOVE SMUT. 阳极释放出氧气，这种形式的清洗能除去污垢. METALLIC CONTAMINATES WILL NOT DEPOSIT ON WORK. 金属污染物不会沉积在工件表面.

17、FORMS OXIDES 产生氧化膜 PASSIVATES SURFACE 钝化表面.,TYPE OF CLEANING 清洗的类型,ACID PICKLING 过酸 WHY DO WE PICKLE? 为什么要用酸浸泡？ TO REMOVE OXIDES FROM THE SURFACE OF THE METAL TO OBTAIN GOOD BONDING OF THE SUBSEQUENT DEPOSIT. 去除金属表面的氧化膜，使后来的金属镀层得到好的结合力。 NEUTRALIZE ANY RESIDUAL ALKALINE FILM LEFT ON THE SURFACE. 中和残留

18、在表面的碱性膜。,NICKEL PLATING镀镍,NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS.镍溶液的种类 NICKEL STRIKE (WOODS) 预镀镍（WOODS） NICKEL STRIKE (WATTS)预镀镍（WATTS） SEMI BRIGHT NICKEL 半光亮镍 HIGH SULFUR NICKEL STRIKE 高硫镍 BRIGHT NICKEL 光亮镍 MICROPOROUS NICKEL 微孔镍（镍封） NOBLE NICKEL 电位较正的镍层 NICKEL SULPHAMATE 氨基磺酸镍 ELECTROLESS

19、NICKEL 化学沉镍,PLATING DISTRIBUTION 电镀分布,CATHODE 阴极,ANODE 阳极,NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS.镍溶液的种类 NICKEL STRIKE( WOODS ) REASON FOR USE.使用的原因 INITIAL NICKEL LAYER FOR ADHESION. 用于加强结合力的起始镍层 ACTIVATION FOR PLATING ON STAINLESS STEEL AND REPLATES 为在不锈钢上电镀和返镀进行的活化 LOW pH 1.0 低pH 值， pH 1.0,

20、NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS.镍溶液的种类 NICKEL STRIKE ( WOODS ) SOLUTION COMPOSITION镀液的组成 NICKEL CHLORIDE 氯化镍 - 240 g/l HYDROCHLORIC ACID 盐酸-10-15 %/vol.体积比 BORIC ACID 硼酸 - 15 - 22 g/l pH 酸碱度 - 1.0 TEMPERATURE温度 - ROOM室温 CATHODE CURRENT DENSITY 阴极电流密度 10-100 asf（） ANODE CURRENT DENSITY

21、阳极电流密度 30 asf AGITATION 搅拌 NONE不需要,NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS.镍溶液的种类 NICKEL STRIKE ( WATTS ) SOLUTION COMPOSITION镀液的组成 NICKEL SULPHATE 硫酸镍 - 150- 450 g/l NICKEL CHLORIDE 氯化镍- 37-150 g/l BORIC ACID 硼酸 - 37- 57 g/l pH 酸碱度 - 2 - 4 TEMPERATURE 温度 - 50 - 70C CATHODE CURRENT DENSITY 阴极电

22、流密度 10- 60 asf ANODE CURRENT DENSITY 阳极电流密度 20 asf AGITATION 搅拌 MILD AIR 轻微打气,NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS. 镍溶液的种类 SEMI BRIGHT NICKEL 半光亮镍 REASON FOR USE. 使用的原因 CORROSION PROTECTION 防腐 HIGH LEVELING 高填平 VERY DUCTILE 延展性好 COLUMNAR STRUCTURE 柱状结构 NOBLE DEPOSIT 镀层电位较正 SULFUR FREE DEPOS

23、IT含硫量低至 0.005% TENSILE STRESSED 张应力,SEMI BRIGHT LEVELING 半光亮镍填平,ZERO LEVELING 零填平,NEGATIVE LEVELING 负填平,GOOD LEVELING 好的填平,NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS.镍溶液的种类 SEMI BRIGHT NICKELS半光亮镍 SOLUTION COMPOSITION镀液的组成 NICKEL SULPHATE 硫酸镍- 225 - 450 g/l NICKEL CHLORIDE 氯化镍- 37- 50 g/l BORIC A

24、CID 硼酸 - 37- 50 g/l pH 酸碱度 - 3.5- 4.2 TEMPERATURE 温度 - 50 - 60C CATHODE CURRENT DENSITY 阴极电流密度 25-80 asf ANODE CURRENT DENSITY 阳极电流密度 20 asf AGITATION 搅拌 MILD AIR 轻微打气,NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS.镍溶液的种类 BRIGHT NICKEL 光亮镍 REASON FOR USE:使用的原因 BRIGHT SMOOTH FINISH 光亮平滑镀层 DECORATIVE F

25、INISH 装饰性镀层 USED AS THE BRIGHT REFLECTIVE LAYER FOR CHROMIUM PLATE 作为铬层的光亮反射层 LAST NICKEL LAYER OF THE DUPLEX OR TRIPLEX NICKEL SYSTEM FOR CORROSION PROTECTION 作为用于防腐的两层或三层镍层的最后一层 HIGH LEVELING 高填平,NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS.镍溶液的种类 BRIGHT NICKEL 光亮镍 SOLUTION COMPOSITION 镀液的组成 WATT

26、S FORMULATION 瓦特的配方 ORGANIC ADDITIVES TO ENHANCE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, BRIGHTNESS AND LEVELING SUCH AS A-5, SA-1, 2002, NP630, NP631 BRIGHTENER 有机添加剂增加机械特性，光亮度和填平，如：A-5，SA-1，2002, NP630, NP631等光亮剂,NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS.镍溶液的种类 BRIGHT NICKELS光亮镍 SOLUTION COMPOSITION镀液的组成 NICKE

27、L SULPHATE 硫酸镍 - 225 - 375 g/l NICKEL CHLORIDE 氯化镍- 60- 113 g/l BORIC ACID 硼酸 - 37- 50 g/l pH 酸碱度 - 3.5- 4.5 TEMPERATURE 温度 - 50 - 70C CATHODE CURRENT DENSITY 阴极电流密度 15-80 asf ANODE CURRENT DENSITY 阳极电流密度 20 asf AGITATION 搅拌 MILD AIR 轻微打气,NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS.镍溶液的种类 NICKEL S

28、ULPHAMATE 氨基磺酸镍 REASON FOR USE.使用的原因 ELECTROFORMING 电铸 VERY DUCTILE 非常好的延展性 LOW STRESS 低应力,NICKEL PROCESS 镀镍工艺,TYPES OF NICKEL SOLUTIONS.镍溶液的种类 NICKEL SULPHAMATES氨基磺酸镍 SOLUTION COMPOSITION镀液的组成 NICKEL SULPHAMATE 氨基磺酸镍 300- 375 g/l NICKEL CHLORIDE 氯化镍- 7.5- 22.5 g/l BORIC ACID 硼酸 - 37- 50 g/l pH 酸碱度

29、- 3.5- 5.0 TEMPERATURE 温度 - 50 - 60C CATHODE CURRENT DENSITY 阴极电流密度 2.5- 30 asd ANODE CURRENT DENSITY 阳极电流密度 2.0 asd AGITATION 搅拌 as required 按要求,TESTING测试,TYPICAL DEPOSIT CHARACTERISTICS典型的镀层特性,ADHESION 结合力 BONDABILITY 可弯曲性能 CORROSION RESISTANCE 耐腐蚀性 HARDNESS 硬度 POROSITY 孔隙 RESIDUAL STRESS 残余应力 SUR

30、FACE ROUGHNESS 表面粗糙度 THERMAL SHOCK 热冲击 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 光学特性,APPEARANCE 外观 CONTACT RESISTANCE 接触电阻 DUCTILITY 延展性 HEAT RESISTANCE 热阻 PURITY 纯度 SOLDERABILITY 可焊性 THICKNESS 厚度 WEAR RESISTANCE 耐磨性,CHARACTERISTICS PERTAINING TO COPPER NICKEL CHROME DEPOSITS有关铜镍铬的特征,ADHESION 结合力 CORROSION RESISTANCE 防腐

31、STRESS 应力 SURFACE ROUGHNESS 表面粗糙度 APPEARANCE 外观 DUCTILITY 延展性 THICKNESS 厚度,ADHESION TEST METHODS附着测试方法,BEND 弯曲 SAW 锯开 FILE 锉刀 IMPACT 冲击 PEEL STRENGTH 剥离强度,GRIND 摩擦 CHISEL 凿 KNIFE 劈开 SCRATCH 刮,ADHESION 结合力,THE ATTRACTION FORCE THAT EXISTS BETWEEN THE ELECTRODEPOSIT AND ITS SUBSTRATE, MEASURED AS THE

32、FORCE REQUIRED TO SEPARATE THE ELECTRODEPOSITION FROM ITS SUBSTRATE. 是一种存在于电镀层和基体之间的吸引力，测量时将电镀层从其基体上剥离出来所需的力。,A SECTION OF THE PLATED PART IS BENT THROUGH SOME SPECIFIED ANGLE OVER A MANDREL HAVING A SPECIFIC DIAMETER. FLAKING FROM THE SUBSTRATE INDICATES FAILURE. 电镀工件的一部分绕着一定直径的轴弯曲一定的角度，镀层从基材上有碎片剥落

33、表示测试失败。,BEND TEST 弯曲测试,APPEARANCE 外观,DEPOSIT APPEARANCE IS FREQUENTLY SPECIFIED BECAUSE COLOUR AND TEXTURE OF THE DEPOSIT NOT ONLY AFFECTS ITS PERFORMANCE BUT ALSO INDICATES THE USE OF PROPER CONTROL DURING THE PREPARATION AND DEPOSITION PROCESS. 镀层的外观经常都会有明确的要求，因为颜色和结构不仅影响其表现，同时也表明前处理和电镀工艺中是否进行了正确的

34、控制.,CORROSION RESISTANCE 耐蚀性,THERE ARE A WIDE VARIETY OF TESTS EMPLOYED AND SPECIFIED TO MEASURE THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF PLATED PRODUCT. 测试电镀产品有非常多的方法,TYPICAL CORROSION TESTS典型的腐蚀测试,FIELD EXPOSURES野外暴露大气 MIXED GAS TESTS 混合空气测试 SINGLE GAS TESTS单一空气测试 POROSITY TESTS孔隙测试 SALT SPRAY TESTS盐雾实验 HUMIDI

35、TY TESTS湿度实验 THERMAL CYCLE冷热循环,FIELD EXPOSURES SITES暴气实验点,KURE BEACH, NC STATE COLLEGE, PA ACT, SOUTHFIELD, MI MONTREAL, CANADA,TYPICAL SALT SPRAY TESTS典型的盐雾实验,NEUTRAL SALT SPRAY 中性盐雾实验 - ASTM B-117 ACETIC ACID SALT SPRAY 乙酸盐雾实验 - ASTM G-85 COPPER ACCELERATED ACETIC ACID SALT SPRAY ( CASS ) 铜加速乙酸实验C

36、ASS - ASTM B-368 CORRODKOTE TEST 腐蚀膏实验 - ASTM B- 380,NEUTRAL SALT SPRAY 中性盐雾实验ASTM B-117,SPRAYING THE SPECIMENS WITH A MIST OF 5% SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION AT A pH OF 6.5 TO 7.2 IN A CLOSED CABINET UNDER STRICT SPECIFIED CONDITIONS OF TEMPERATURE AND SPRAY RATE. 在封闭的箱中,严格按照要求的温度和喷雾速度喷洒5%氯化钠，酸碱度控制在6.5

37、-7.2之间。,DUCTILITY TESTS 延展性测试,BEND TEST弯曲测试 BULGE TEST膨胀测试 TENSILE TEST张力测试 MANDREL TEST轴测试 MICROMETER TEST千分尺测试,BEND TEST 弯曲测试,A QUALITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF DUCTILITY BY PLACING A PLATED SAMPLE STRIP IN THE JAWS OF A VISE AND BENDING BACK AND FORTH THROUGH 90 DEGREES UNTIL IT BREAKS. THE NUMBER OF BENDS INDICATES THE DUCTILITY. 定量测试延展性，将一片电镀的样品条放在夹钳的夹口处来回弯曲90度直至断裂。弯曲的次数表示其延展性能的好坏,BEND TEST 弯曲测试,VISE,A