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1、CHAPTER 13Global LogisticsComparison of Domestic and International Logistics13-2DomesticAbout 10% of U.S. GDP today Mainly truck and railLower levels, reflecting short-order, lead- time requirements and improved transport capabilitiesModest usage, mostly in rail LowInternationalEstimated at 16% of w

2、orld GDP todayMainly ocean and air, with significant intermodal activityHigher levels, reflecting longer lead times and greater demand and transit uncertaintyCostTransport modeInventoriesHeavy reliance on forwarders, consolidators, and customs brokersHigh, owing to differences in currencies, inflati

3、on, levels and little recourse for defaultHigh, owing to longer and more difficult transit, frequent cargo handling, and varying levels of infrastructure developmentMany agencies involved (e.g., customs, commerce, agriculture, transportationSignificant paperwork; the U.S. Department of Commerce esti

4、mates that paperwork cost for an average shipment is $250Voice and paper costly and often ineffective; movement toward electronic interchange but variations in standards hinder widespread usageAgentsFinancial riskCargo riskLowGovernment agenciesAdministrationPrimarily for hazardous materials, weight

5、, safety laws, and some tariff requirementsMinimal documentation involved (e.g., purchase order, bill of lading, invoice)CommunicationVoice, paper-based systems adequate, with growing usage of electronic data interchange and InternetCulturalRelative homogeneity requires little productCultural differ

6、ences require significant market anddifferhetntpce:/s/www.5mixoudiefi.ccaotimonMcGraw-Hill/Irwin(海量营销管理培训资料下p载rod)uct adaptationCopyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.International Market Entry Strategies13-3 Exporting Licensing Joint ventures Ownership Importing Count

7、ertrade (海量营销管理培训资料下载)McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.All rights reserved.海量营销管理培训资料下载) (Major Participants in an International Logistics Transaction13-4DomesticsellerDomesticbankDomestic government agenciesExport facilitatorsInland transport

8、ation carrierDomestic port or terminalof exitInternationalcarrier(air, water)Foreign port or terminal of entryProduct movementForeign government agenciesForeign inland transportation carrierInformation flowForeign bankForeign buyerhttp:/www.5ixuMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Comp

9、anies, Inc.All rights reserved.Copyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.How Duty Drawbacks Work13-51) U.S. car manufacturer issues purchase order to German parts manufacturer.3) Germanparts shipped via ocean enter U.S. port; importer paysduty at port of entry toU.S. Cust

10、oms.2) German manufacturer receives purchase order; manufactures parts.4) U.S. manufacturer produces cars using U.S.-made and German parts.5) U.S. manufacturer ships cars to port of export; files documentary proof of original importand subsequent manufactureto collect refund.6) Exportcars containing

11、 U.S.-made and German parts to Australia; provide proof of export to U.S. Customs. (海量营销管理培训资料下载)Source: Adapted from Lisa H. Harrington, “How to Take Advantage of Duty Drawback,” Traffic Management 28, no. 6 (June 1989), p. 121A.McGraw-Hill/I (海量营销管理培训资料下载)The Glo

12、bal Logistics Environment13-6http:/wMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.CompetitionCustomer serviceOtherInventory activitiesLogistics executiveWarehousingPackaging and storageTransportationResponding to Competition with Logistics13-7Increasing the n

13、umber of cross-national partnerships, alliances, mergers, and/or acquisitions.Expansion of many previously domestic-based organizations into international markets.Development of global communications networks operating 24 hours a day.Establishment of country and regional warehouses in major world ma

14、rkets.Identifying and developing relationships with logistics service providers that offer transportation, storage,materials handling, and other services on a global basis. (海量营销管理培训资料下载)McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Exporti

15、ng Companies13-8 Export distributor Customshouse broker International freight forwarder Trading company Non-vessel-operating common carrier (NVOCC) (海量营销管理培训资料下载)McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.All rights reserved.13-9 aHow NVOCCs WorkLess than container loadFull containerBill of lading(LCL) shipments (海量营销管理培训资料下载)McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.LCL shipperLCL shipperLCL shipperLCL shipperLCL shipperNVOCC13-10How NVOCCs Work (

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