班翻译概论ppt第12章.ppt

1、第十二章 翻译的归化与异化,Domestication and foreignization,一、归化与异化的概念及其历史沿革,The concept and history of domestication and foreignization,Domestication but his original definition of dynamic equivalence was rhetorical: the idea was that the translator should translate so that the effect of the translation on the

2、target reader is roughly the same as the effect of the source text once was on the source reader.,The term functional equivalence suggests not just that the equivalence is between the function of the source text in the source culture and the function of the target text (translation) in the target cu

3、lture, but that function can be thought of as a property of the text. It is, however, possible to think of functional equivalence too in the larger (dynamic/intercultural) context as about more than the structure of texts-as about how people interact in cultures.,宗教文化 谋事在人，成事在天。 Man proposes, Heaven

4、 disposes, (Yang Xianyi) Man proposes, God disposes, (Hawkes),心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。（曹：） She looked more sensitive than Pikan, more delicate than His Shih. 两个注解.紧随其后： 1. A prince noted for his great intelligence at the end of the Shang Dynasty. 2. A famous beauty of the ancient kingdom of Yueh. (Yang),再看下

5、一种： She had more chambers in heart than the martyred Bi Gan; And suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi. （Hawkes）,异 化 毫无疑问,异化决不是简单的直译。因为异化的概念已经远远超出了语言的层面,而上升到了文化、诗学、以及政治的层次。韦努蒂对异化的定义是: 偏离本土主流价值观,保留原文的语言和文化差异。(Venuti) 根据他的定义,翻译研究词典把异化定义为: 在一定程度上保留原文的异域性,故意打破目标语言常规的翻译。,Generally sp

6、eaking, domestication adopts words and phrases from the target language, so the expressions tend to be in accordance with the target language norm, and be more acceptable and readable.,However, the disadvantage is that translators may confuse one thing with another, or over-domesticate the translati

7、on.,Example 1:,With shifting change, as is false womens fashion. -Shakespeare Sonnet 20,时髦女人的水性杨花和朝秦暮楚。,Shakespeare (1564-1616) couldnt have known the history of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States (770 B.C.-221 B.C.) of China. So if characters like “qin” or “chu” appear in the trans

8、lation of Shakespeares works, readers may misunderstand and get puzzled.,Example 2:,吴姬压酒劝客尝。（李白金陵酒肆留别）,While Phyllis with bumpers would fain cheer us up. (by H. A. Giles),吴姬：girls live in regions south of the Yangtze River. In Li Bais poem, the word refers to the waitress in the tavern in Nanjing (t

9、he ancient name is Jinling). Phyllis: the name of shepherdess or sweetheart in the pastoral poems and idyll in Ancient Greece and the Renaissance in Europe. Both Western and Chinese readers will consider that translation odd.,Another situation of over-domestication is to abuse idioms, proverbs and f

10、ormulaic languages of the target language and make the translation nondescript, neither natural nor exotic.,Example: When Mary came down dressed for the dance, her father remarked, “Fine feathers make fine birds.” 玛丽打扮好了下楼来，准备去参加舞会，父亲一见就说：“佛要金装，人要衣装。” We were just talking about Bill when he came in

11、the door- Speak of the devil and he appears. 我们正谈到比尔，他就进了门说曹操，曹操到。,More examples: The moon is down. 月落乌啼霜满天。 She died. 魂归离恨天。 With fair skin and black eyes. 肤若凝脂，目若点漆。,Compared with domestication, foreignization strategy in translation shows the differences in language and culture of ST much better.

12、 Meanwhile, foreignization can maintain the cultural features of ST and the authors unique expressions as much as possible so that readers are able to comprehend the original style of ST.,e.g.: 原：抽刀断水水更流，举杯浇愁愁更愁。 译：Drawing sword, cut into water, water again flows. Raise up, quench sorrow, sorrow aga

13、in sorrow. Although Pounds translated poetry has been a source of controversy, to some extent it indicates the parataxis characteristic of Chinese syntax and the expression techniques of superposition of images in classical Chinese poems. By reproducing the form and syntactic structure of the classi

14、cal Chinese poetry, Pounds translation brings the original appearance of ST to foreign readers who almost know nothing about Chinese.,Ezra Pound,Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 1 November 1972) was an American expatriate poet, critic and a major figure of the early modernist movement. His

15、contribution to poetry began with his promotion of Imagism, a movement that derived its technique from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry, stressing clarity, precision and economy of language. His best-known works include Ripostes 回击(1912), Hugh Selwyn Mauberley休赛尔温毛伯利(1920), and his unfinished 1

16、20-section epic, The Cantos 诗章(19171969).,Introduction to Pounds Translation,In Pounds Fenollosa translations, unlike previous American translators of Chinese poetry, who tended to work with strict metrical and stanzaic patterns, Pound created free verse translations. Neither Pound nor Fenollosa spo

17、ke or read Chinese proficiently, and Pound has been criticized for omitting or adding sections to his poems which have no basis in the original texts, though critics argue that the fidelity of Cathay to the original Chinese is beside the point. Michael Alexander writes that, as a translator, Pound w

18、as a pioneer with a great gift of language and an incisive intelligence. He helped popularize major poets such as Guido Cavalcanti and Du Fu and brought Provenal and Chinese poetry to English-speaking audiences. He revived interest in the Confucian classics and introduced the west to classical Japan

19、ese poetry and drama. He translated and championed Greek, Latin and Anglo-Saxon classics, and helped keep them alive at a time when classical education was in decline, and poets no longer considered translations central to their craft.,By literal translation and abandonment of idiomatic expressions

20、of SL, foreignization strategy keep the “original taste and flavor” of TT.,e.g.: (方鸿渐)自信这一席话委婉得体，最后那一段尤其接得天衣无缝，曲尽文书科王主任所谓“顺水推舟”之妙，王主任起的信稿子怕也不过如此。 -钱钟书围城 He was confident his little speech was tactful and proper, especially the last part, which had been sewn together as flawlessly as “a divine suit o

21、f clothes”; it would achieve his objective in every way, what Chief-secretary Wang called as naturally and effortlessly as “pushing a boat downstream”. -Trans, Jeanne Kelly all we need to do is draw a balance between the two strategies.,Specific methods,Simply because the primary task of translating

22、 is to precisely and fully convey the thought and style of the source text; foreignization should be used in translation as much as possible, in order to fulfil cross-cultural communication. For example “fine feather makes fine birds ” 羽毛漂亮鸟儿才漂亮 人要衣装，佛要金装 人配衣裳马配鞍 The reason is that an enormous group

23、 of target readers eager to accept the foreign elements known of the foreign culture.,Examples: money makes the mare go foreignization: 有钱能使马蹄忙 domestication: 有钱能使鬼推磨 a mouse in time may bite in two a cable foreignization: 小耗子也能咬断大粗绳 domestication: 只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针 look for a needle in a haystack foreign

24、ization:干草堆里寻针 domestication:大海捞针,great oaks from little acorns grow foreignization: 巨橡从小小的橡子长成 domestication: 合抱之木，生于毫末 Rome is not built in a day foreignization: 罗马不是一日建成的 domestication: 冰冻三尺，非一日之寒 a closed mouth catches no flies foreignization: 苍蝇进不了紧闭的嘴 domestication: 祸从口出,From these examples, w

25、e can tell that although domestication could express the content of the source text, it gives less chances to the Chinese readers to know the Western culture. Foreignization could express the content of the source text faithfully, and at the same time, it could bring the Western culture to Chinese r

26、eaders. We could also add some explanations to make our translation more understandable. Example: a closed mouth catches no flies 苍蝇进不了紧闭的嘴，话少说少惹麻烦。,总而言之，批分数该雪中送炭，万万不能悭吝。 In sum, when marking one should “ send coal when it snows, ” that is, provide that which is most needed, and never be stingy. -围城

27、英译本,The translator first explains the word “ send coal when it snows”, then delivers a further explanation, using the sentence “that is, provide that which is most needed.” - This kind of method can help English readers understand the meanings much better while at the same time, encouraging them to

28、come up with the same imagination just like the native Chinese.,Conversely, if the translation uses too much foreignization, even beyond the acceptable range, we ought to abandon the foreignization and use the way of domestication.,She was full of clemency and conciliation. She had laid in several c

29、haldrons of live coals and was prepared to heap them on the heads of her enemies. (Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit),Example,Heap them on the head of her enemies,Word-for-word translation: （把熊熊燃烧的炭火）堆在仇敌的头上 It is not consistent with the first sentence.,Heap them on the head of her enemies,However,

30、 there is an allusion in Bible, which says “If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat; and if he be thirsty, give him water to drink; For thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head, and the Lord shall reward thee.” （你的仇敌若饿了就给他饭吃，若渴了就给他水喝。因为你这样做是把炭火堆在他的头上，耶和华也必定赏赐你。）,Heap them on the head of h

31、er enemies,So, the real meaning of this phrase is to influence someone by being kind to him, so as to make him shame.,In such kind of circumstance, the translator should choose free translation to express the true meaning of the source text instead of word-for-word one.,She was full of clemency and

32、conciliation. She had laid in several chaldrons of live coals and was prepared to heap them on the heads of her enemies. 她宽宏大量，已经想好了许多对敌人以德报怨的点子，好让他们必生悔意。,Reasonable Translation,As mentioned above, the translator should use foreignization as much as possible on the cultural aspect to retain and pass

33、 on the features of source language culture. But with regard to language, the translation should mostly be based on domestication with simple and legible words to express the contents and information of source language.,The primary task of translation is to build bridges of communication between dif

34、ferent cultures. It will run counter to the purpose of translation if we make it awkward to understand just to highlight the “heterogeneity” of source language.,An example given by Si Guo: I cannot recall his ever uttering a word that was purely matter-of-fact, and not deeply drawn from his innermos

35、t. The original version: 我不记得他曾说过一句纯粹乏味的话，而不是从他心坎中发出来的。 The modified version: 照我所晓得的，他从没有说过一句完全乏味的话；每一句话总是从心坎里掏出来的。,Si Guos comments on the first version: “its a foreign language, despite in Chinese words.” Obviously, the translator of first version tried to strictly follow the original in terms of

36、language, but this kind of “foreignization” destroys the effective delivery of information, leading to the perplexity of readers.,Another example: But a farmer can need none of my help, and is therefore in no sense as much above my notice as in every other he is below it. 不过，一个庄稼汉不可能需要我的帮助，所以在这个意义上说

37、，他高于我注意的范围，正如在所有其他各个意义上，他低于我注意的范围一样。,“above my notice” and “below it” are mechanically translated as “高于我注意的范围” and “低于我注意的范围”. Apparently, it will be more straightforward if modified as “用不着我关心”.,We generally adopt different translation strategies in different types of texts.,Susan Bassnett has poi

38、nted out that we often use domestication in technological, legal, scientific, and news translation.,Susan Bassnett is a translation theorist and scholar of comparative literature. She served as pro-vice-chancellor at the University of Warwick for ten years and taught in its Centre for Translation and Comparative Cultural Studies, which closed in 2009. Educated around Europe, she began her career in Italy and has lect