定语从句2010.ppt

1、Attributive clause,定语从句,句子的成分： 主语 谓语 宾语 表语 状语 定语 补语 同位语 After the earthquake, the poor little girl, Susan, was homeless. So the couple adopted(收养) her.,简单句的五种基本句型 1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词) e.g. The children are playing happily. 2. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 e.g. I ate a piece of cake yesterday. The Greens enjoy living in

2、 China. 3. 主语+谓语+表语 常见系动词：be(是)； get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) , remain(保持)等。 e.g. He became a famous doctor. The apple pie tastes really delicious.,4. 主语+谓语+双宾语 e.g. My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me.

3、I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him. 5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 e.g. We must keep our school clean. I find learning English difficult,翻译下列词组： 快乐的时光 让人兴奋地比赛 在树上的猴子 在我手上的书 关于你在英国经历的文章 the article about your experience in the UK,a happy moment an exciting match a monkey in the tree the book in my

4、hand,翻译下列词组： 让人兴奋地比赛 an exciting match a match which _. 在我手上的书 the book in my hand the book which _.,is exciting,is in my hand,I bought a red scarf yesterday.,Looks good! But why you look so sad?,But my wife doesnt like it.,Why is he so unhappy? Because he bought _,a red scarf which his wife doesnt

5、like.,an exciting match: 形容词可以放在名词之前作定语，来修饰名词 the book in my hand: 介词短语可以放在名词之后作定语，来修饰名词。 但如果修饰名词的定语不是某一个词或短语，而是一个句子时，我们就要使用定语从句。,定语从句通常跟在所要修饰的中心名词（先行词）之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。 定语从句相当于形容词或者介词短语的作用。,一、什么是定语从句,从句相当于整个句子的一个成分，因此，从句不能单独使用。 She saw that he was sleeping. 宾语从句 I am reading the article which is abo

6、ut your experience in the UK. 定语从句,注意1,先行词 定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。 先行词通常为人、物或者是事情。 e.g. I am reading the article that is about your experience in the UK.,注意2,先行词 定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。 先行词通常为人、物或者是事情。 e.g. I am reading the article that is about your experience in

7、 the UK.,请找出下列句中的先行词： 1. The girl who is standing next to our teacher is her daughter. 2. I cant find the dictionary which is borrowed from you. 3. I want to find someone who can speak English. 4. He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water. 5. The first book that I read was “Pride and

8、Prejudice”.,关系词 从意义上说：先行词定语从句的组成部分从结构上说：先行词不在从句中出现 引导定语从句，并取代先行词在从句中的成分 e.g. I am reading the article that is about your experience in the UK.,注意3,relatives (关系词) 关系代词(relative pronouns) ： who, whom, which, that, as, whose等 跟在先行词的后面，指代先行词，引出定语从句。 在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语的作用。 关系副词(relative adverbs) ： when,

9、where, why 等 跟在先行词的后面，指代先行词，引出定语从句。 分别表示时间、地点和原因。在从句中充当状语的作用。,关系词的功能： 关系词作主语（动作发出者） The trees are on the school campus. They have lost their leaves.,The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.,2. 关系词作宾语（动作接受者） We saw the student just now. He is the best runner in our school.,The

10、 student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.,3. 关系词作表语 Jack used to be a lazy boy. He is no longer a lazy boy,Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.,4. 关系词作定语（通常为所有格） She has a brother. I cant remember his name.,She has a brother whose name I cant remember.,5. 关系词作状语（时

11、间状语、地点状语、原因状语） The school is in Shenzhen. He studies in the school,The school where he studies is in Shenzhen.,Task Find out the attributive clauses in the text on page 9 Point out what function the relatives plays,找出下列句子中的先行词、关系词、并写出关系词的功能. 1. The girl who is standing next to our teacher is her dau

12、ghter. 2. The girl whom my mother is talking to is my classmate. 3. The girl whose name is Rose sits next to me 4. I cant find the book which is borrowed from you. 5. I cant find the book which you lent to me. 6. I cant find the book whose cover is red.,定语从句的分类,限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句,注意4,二、关系词,关系代词 关系副词,(

13、一)、关系代词,who, whom, which, that, whose, as 等关系代词在定语从句中所指对象是人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语（介词宾语）、表语或定语。形式变化如下：,who的用法 whom的用法 which的用法 that的用法 whose的用法 as的用法,who的用法,先行词必须是人，作主语和宾语 e.g. The man who spoke at the meeting this morning is a famous lawyer. The girl who you saw just now is Jane.,作主语时，可用that替换, 不可省略,作宾语时，可用w

14、hom, that替换, 可以省略,whom的用法,先行词必须是人，作宾语。 通常可以省略 e.g. The girl whom / who / that you saw just now is Jane.,which的用法,先行词必须是事物，作主语和宾语 e.g. This is the book which / that was written in easy English by our English teacher. The pictures (which / that) he drew in the 1980s are on show.,作主语时，关系词不可省略,作宾语时，关系词可

15、以省略,注意(whom & which)： whom & which做介词宾语时，介词常可提前，即介词+whom/which+从句，此时whom & which不能由who或that代替，不能省略。 e.g. This is the man from whom your son always begs money. The chair on which she is sitting is made of wood. 但当介词置于从句末尾时， whom可以由who或that代替，which可由that代替，都能省略。 e.g. This is the man (whom / that / who

16、) your son always begs money from. The chair (which / that) she is sitting on is made of plastics.,有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可拆开，一般还是放在动词之后，不提前 He is the student who the teachers are looking for. The number of the children who she takes care of is 30. 动词短语是否可以拆分，关键看拆分后与拆分前的意思是否相同。如果意思不变，可以拆分，否则不行。,that可作定语从

17、句中的主语（取代who或which），宾语（取代who或whom或which） 关系代词作表语，必须使用that，指代人或物，可以省略。 e.g. My father is no longer the man (that) he was. My hometown is not the small town that it used to be twenty years ago. that的特殊用法,that的用法,e.g. They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited. The police had great

18、 trouble in diverting the men and the cars that had blocked the way.,必须使用that的场合,当先行词是人+事物时。 e.g. They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited. The police had great trouble in diverting the men and the cars that had blocked the way.,e.g. My father is no longer the man (that) he w

19、as. He thought his daughter would be the dancer (that) she always wanted to be. Its a book (that) will help you a great deal.,必须使用that的场合,当先行词跟在系动词be后作表语，或关系词本身作定语从句的表语时，关系代词必须用that，但也可以省略 e.g. My father is no longer the man (that) he was. He thought his daughter would be the dancer (that) she alway

20、s wanted to be. Its a book (that) will help you a great deal.,当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词如the first, the last 等词修饰时。 e.g. This is the best film that I have ever seen. This is the first choice that I have made. She is the most careful girl that I have ever known. This is the last letter that I received from him.

21、,必须使用that的场合,必须使用that的场合,当先行词前面有the only, the very, one of, any, no, every, few, little等词修饰时。 e.g. The only person that seems to know the truth is Doctor Brown. Any person that wants to succeed must work hard. There is no difficulty that we can not overcome. I have read all the books that can be bor

22、rowed here.,当先行词本身为不定代词如anything, something, nothing, everything, all, much, few, little, none, the one时。 e.g. All that I want is peace and stability. There is little that I can do. There is nothing that I can tell you. I have tried everything that I can think of. I do not mean this one. I mean the

23、one that was bought yesterday. 注意：anybody, nobody, everybody等不在此列。,必须使用that的场合,不能使用that的场合,当定语从句前有介词时，关系代词不能用that。 e.g. There is the man from that your son always begs money. He gave me a ticket with that I can enter the meeting-room.,正确的说法是： There is the man from whom your son always begs money. He

24、 gave me a ticket with which I can enter the meeting-room.,There is the man from that your son always begs money. He gave me a ticket with that I can enter the meeting-room.,that不能用于非限制性定于从句。 e.g. 我们不说： My sister is a nurse, that I am mot.,正确的说法是： My sister is a nurse, who I am mot. (= I am not a nu

25、rse.),不能使用that的场合,当先行词为one, ones, anyone, those, 指人时，用who。 e.g. Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.,不能使用that的场合,当先行词是he时，用who。(多谚语) e.g. He who plays with fire gets burnt. He who laughs at last laughs best.,不能使用that的场合,当先行词本身是that时，用which或who避免重复不能用于非限制性定于从句。

26、e.g. Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?,不能使用that的场合,whose作定语从句中的定语，表示所修饰的“某（些）人的”或“某物的” 。 e.g. The boy whose name is Tom is the top student in my class. Look at the house whose roof is red.,the boys,whose的用法,the houses,注意： 当whose指代物时， whose+从句结构 =of which+从句 =of which the+从句 e.g. Look at

27、the house whose roof is red. Look at the house, the roof of which is red. Look at the house, of which the roof is red.,exercise： Do you know anyone? / His family is in Xian. Do you know anyone whose family is in Xian. The book is not mine. / the cover of it is blue. The book whose cover is blue is n

28、ot mine. I live in the room. / The windows of it face south. I live in the room whose windows face south. The chair has been repaired. / The leg of it was broken. The chair whose leg was broken has been repaired.,1. as用于限制性定语从句: so as: suchas: the sameas:,as的用法,辨析the sameas和the samethat e.g. This is

29、 the same bag as I lost yesterday. 与我昨天丢的包是同样的。 This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. 就是我昨天丢的那个包。,the sameas指同类； the samethat指同一个人或同一件东西。,辨析soas和sothat，以及such as和suchthat e.g. 他是一个如此可爱的男孩，以至于所有人都喜欢他。 He is so lovely a boy that everyone likes him. He is so lovely a boy as everyone likes. He is

30、such a lovely boy that everyone likes him. He is such a lovely boy as everyone likes.,He is such a good teacher _ we all respect. He is such a good teacher _ we all respect him. I have never heard such stories _ he tells. It was such a cold day _ there was nobody on the street. Jack is so smart a bo

31、y _ can work out difficult maths problems quickly. Jack is so smart a boy _ he can work out difficult maths problems quickly.,as,that,as,that,as,that,2. as用于非限制性定语从句。代表所修饰的句子，作用相当于which，但比which多一层“正如”的意思。 e.g. She is very careful, as (= which) her work shows. It is like a snake, as (= which) anybody

32、 can see. 但要注意，当as从句置于句首时，as不能由which取代。 e.g. As he had hoped, he saw the play.,一些使用as的习惯用语: as we all know 众所周知 as is well-known 众所周知 as has been said before 如上所述 as we had expected 正如人们所预料的那样 as anybody can see 正如人人都看到的那样 as often happens 正如经常发生的那样,when 在定语从句中作时间状语 where在定语从句中作地点状语 why在定语从句中作原因状语,（

33、二）、关系副词,when代替at / in / on / during/since which等，在定语从句中作时间状语。 e.g. Tell me the time when (= ) the train leaves. July, when (= ) we can go home for a rest, is coming soon. I will never forget the day when (= ) I reached the top of the Huangshan Mountain. You will have some spare time when (= ) you ca

34、n learn French at home.,at which,in which,on which,on which,when 在定语从句中作时间状语,where代替at / in / to which等，在定语从句中作地点状语。 e.g. This is the school where (= ) I used to teach. What is the name of the town where (= ) we stayed last night. Think of a place where (= ) we can go for dinner.,at which,in which,t

35、o which,where 在定语从句中作地点状语,why引导从句作reason的定语，可以用for which取代，充当原因状语。 e.g. I dont know the reason why (= for which) be left here.,why 在定语从句中作原因状语,注意： 当先行词为某个时间，或地点，或reason时，关系词的选择要依据关系词在从句中的功能。 This is the date _ we are proud of. This is the date _ he was born. I will never forget the time _ we spent t

36、ogether. This is the factory _ my mother works. This is the factory _ we visited last week. Is this factory _ you visited last week? I dont believe the reason _ he gave for his decision. Another reason _ he made his decision is that he had to consider the feelings of others.,that,that,when,where,that,the one (that),that,why,非限制性定语从句 三、限制性定语从句和,形式上 限制性定语从句前没有“，” 非限制性定语从句前有“，” 关系词 限制性定语从句中，关系词作宾语时可以省略，可以使用that 非限制性定语从句中，关系词不可省略，不用that 意义上 限制性定语从句如果删除，主句意义不完整。翻译成“的” 非限制性定语从句只对先行词补充说明，删除后，主句仍然能够表达清楚,e.g. Her brother who/that is now a soldier always encourages her to go to colle