英国和君主立宪制Britain_and_Constitutional_Monarchy.ppt

1、Britain And Constitutional Monarchy,Week Three,Britains Political Culture,It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.,The Monarchy (君主制),ruled by the king 以君主（皇帝、国王、大公、苏丹和沙皇等）为国家元首的政体形式。共和制的对称。在君主制下，君主一般是世袭的，终身任职。,The Monarchy（三类君主制）,君主专制制(absolute monarchy)：实行君主独裁的政体形式；君主拥有无限的权力，他的意志就是国

2、家的法律，臣民必须绝对服从。 代表人物：法国君主路易十四；中国历史上的皇帝,“Divine right of kings”：,the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects “君权神授说”是古代以宗教来主导政治时期君主为了巩固自己的权力而提倡的一种说法 中国的君权神授 西方的君权神授,等级君主制(limited monarchy)：等级君主制是王权借助等级代表会议实施统治的一种政权形式，贵族和市民阶层共同参政，并在一定程度上分享权力。 等级君主制相对于中世纪早期的政治混乱和割据状态而言，具有历史进步意义，推

3、动了社会经济的进一步发展。1265年召开的英国议会和1302年举行的法国三级会议，标志着英、法两国等级君主制的初步形成。,君主立宪制(constitutional monarchy)：资产阶级国家以君主（国王、皇帝）为世袭元首，但君主权力受到宪法和议会不同程度的限制的政体形式。英国1688年“光荣革命”后，建立了世界上第一个君主立宪制国家。此后，资产阶级力量较弱、实行改良的国家都仿效英国的政体。,King John of England,John Lackland One of Englands worst kings and as the king who granted Magna Car

4、ta. To recover lost lands, John needed more money to continue the war against France, so he demanded more taxes and services from his subjects than ever before. The war failed. Many of the English barons revolted. They forced John to agree to a settlement in 1215, known as Magna Carta.,Magna Carta (

5、大宪章）,A charter of liberty and political rights Magna Carta, Latin for Great Charter, literally “Great Paper” This charter placed some limits on the kings ability to abuse his royal power; It is regarded as Britains key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.,Importance,Magna Carta wa

6、s the first document forced onto an English King by his subjects in an attempt to limit his powers by law. Magna Carta was the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of consititutional law today. Magna Carta influenced the development of the common

7、law and many constitutional documents, such as the United States Constitution.,大宪章,英国是一个没有成文宪法的国家。他们的宪法是由一系列的文件和法案组成，其中具有奠基意义的一份，就是在1215年6月15日，由英国国王与贵族们签订的大宪章。 大宪章要求皇室放弃部分权力，及尊重司法过程，接受王权受法律的限制。 这张书写在羊皮纸卷上的文件在历史上第一次限制了封建君主的权力，日后成为了英国君主立宪制的法律基石。大宪章是英国在建立宪法政治这长远历史过程的开始。,Petition of Right,A major Englis

8、h constitutional document, which sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing. It was produced by the English Parliament in the run-up to the English Civil War. It was passed by Parliament in May, 1628, and given the royal assent by Charles I in June of that

9、 year.,Influence,The Petition is most notable for its confirmation of the principles that taxes can be levied only by Parliament, that martial law may not be imposed in time of peace, and that prisoners must be able to challenge the legitimacy of their detentions through the writ of habeas corpus. T

10、he Petitions ban on the billeting of troops is reflected in the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution.,这份重要文献是英国国会1628年提出的四点内容： 未经国会同意国王不得征税 非依法不得拘捕人民 军队不得驻扎民房 和平时期不得行使戒严法。 由此，大宪章的精神得到了重申、明确和扩展。正是查理一世对大宪章的践踏和对权利请愿书的漠视违背，才引发了英国革命。,English Civil War,English Bourgeois Revolution/Puritan Rev

11、olution Charles I: the Short Parliament and the Long Parliament The Civil War broke out between the forces of the king and the forces of Parliament. “Roundheads” and “Cavaliers”,Process,The first battles of the war were fought in 1642. The leading commander was Oliver Cromwell. Charles I was sentenc

12、ed to death as a tyrant, murderer, and enemy of the nation. He was beheaded in 1649.,The Commonwealth and Protectorate,The new Commonwealth:共和国制 England became a republic called the Commonwealth of England in 1649.,Lord Protector(护国公): Oliver Cromwell In 1953 Cromwell dismissed parliament. He died i

13、n 1658.,Restoration (复辟时代）,The monarchy returns: Charles II was restored as the British king. A serious disease “Black Death” and the great fire ravaged London After Charles II died, his brother became King James II. James II, a Roman Catholic, wanted to bring back Catholicism as the state religion.

14、,Glorious Revolution (光荣革命）,From that point, there were various factions pressing for the Dutch Protestant Prince William of Orange to replace King James II. In November 1688, William landed in England with an invading force, and succeeded in being crowned king, and Mary, his wife and the daughter o

15、f James II, as the Queen.,在1688年的光荣革命中，国会废除了不听话的詹姆士二世，迎来了詹姆士二世的女婿、荷兰执政、奥伦治亲王威廉三世。威廉自然要召集国会，而国会在尊奉威廉为王的同时发布了权利宣言（declaration of rights），并在这一宣言的基础上制定了权利法案（the bill of rights）。,Bill of Rights,The Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament in December 1689 and was a re-statement in statutory form of the De

16、claration of Rights, presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1688, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. The bill was enacted partly as a response to the events of the Glorious Revolution.,Bill of Rights 1689,列举革命前王室的十二大过失（违法乱纪、破坏典制、僭用王权、剥削民众等等） 列举了宪政的十三要义（

17、包括维护法律尊严，限制王权僭越，废除宗教法庭，严格限制税收，确认人民请愿权，禁止平时招募常备军，准许人民携带自卫武器，自由选举国会议员，国会议员言论自由，厘清和改进司法审判，国会必须定期召开，以讨论国政，增进人民福利等）； 确立了王位继承顺序; 权利法案不仅是英国宪政的又一个里程碑，而且影响到其他国家的宪政，演化为各国宪法中的权利条款。,Reformation,宗教改革是指基督宗教在16世纪至17世纪进行的一次改革，是资产阶级披着宗教外衣的一场资产阶级性质的改革，改革代表人物马丁路德、加尔文及慈运理等人，以及发展出来的新教教派。一般认为宗教改革始于1517年马丁路德提出九十五条论纲，结束于16

18、48年的威斯特法伦和约。,Calvinist theology,加尔文（1509-1564年） 生长巴黎，在巴黎大学研究神学三年，后又到外地学习律法。1536年，他出版基督教原理一书，随即到日内瓦。但他的改革教会提案未被接纳，且被以“异端”身份驱逐出境。1541年，支持宗教改革的一派掌握了政权，加尔文受其邀请再返日内瓦，得到欢迎，并治理当地教会二十三年，使它成为新教的中心。 加尔文主张“先定论”，即人得救与否完全是神所预定的，但又不赞同宿命论；相反的，他认为虔诚的信仰与完美的德行是每一个将要得救的基督徒的义务，他们应该在世间努力工作以荣神益人。加尔文的教义受到许多工商业者欢迎，成为新教主流。,

19、Henry VIII,the Church of England became a church independent of the pope in 1534. But he remained basically a Catholic. Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church for more political power and solved his personal problems.,Mary I,“Bloody Mary” She put the Church back under the power of Rome and brought back the old Catholic beliefs and ceremonies. During her short rule, Ma