跨文化交际选修课

1、Intercultural communication,SunWei,Presentation two,Understanding of culture Metaphor of culture Communication,Understanding Culture,We learn our culture through proverbs Offer an important set of instructions,Understanding Culture,We learn our culture from folk tales, legends, and myths. The Epic o

2、f Gilgamesh 吉尔伽美什史诗Wencheng,Understanding Culture,We learn our culture through art Art is a symbolic way of communicating,Understanding Culture,We learned our culture through mass media,Understanding Culture,Culture is transmitted from generation to generation,Metaphors for Culture,The culture icebe

3、rg文化冰山理论 Like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenths of culture is below the surface (invisible).,What we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. The following f

4、igure can show us which parts are above the waterline and which are below the waterline.,views,attitudes,preference,love,hatred,habits,customs,Food,language,music,clothes,literature,The Culture Onion 文化洋葱理论,In the outer layer: the symbols and material the way people are dressed (kimono in Japan) the

5、 language they speak (Chinese, English,） the cars they drive the food they eat（dumplings, fast food, salad, .) The houses they live in,Culture is like an onion.,Three levels of culture that are more clearly observable: 1) The outer level: symbols, such as words, color or other artifacts that carry a

6、 special meaning 2）The middle level: heroes, such as admired persons who serve as an example for behavior 3）The inner nucleus level: rituals, such as ways of greeting and paying respect.,表层 最外表一层称象征物（Symbols），如服装、语言、Office风格等，人的肉眼能够很容易看见，就像洋葱的皮。.文化最表面的是“符号”。它其实就是一些词语，一些标志，就像女人穿在身上的衣服，抹在脸上的脂粉。 洋葱的表层表

7、层文化是我们平时能观察到的东西。比如你去其他国家看见他们的服装与我们不同，他们的音乐各种曲风，听起来也不一样。他们吃牛肉鱼，喝啤酒，晚上下班不回家，与同事去酒吧。,中层 第二层是英雄人物性格（Heroes），在一种文化里，人们崇拜的英雄的性格，多多少少代表了该文化大多数人的性格，这种精神内涵可以用果肉来比拟。包裹在符号之内就是“英雄”，英雄就是我们群体内那些体现了我们价值观的典型人物。 第三层是礼仪（Rituals），如日本文化中的鞠躬和进门脱鞋。 礼仪是每种文化对待人和自然的独特表示方式，可以用洋葱的味道来比拟。礼仪其实就是践行文化的一种集体活动。,核心层 最里面一层是价值观（Values）

8、，指人们所理解和相信的关于真、善、美的观念，这是文化中最深邃、最难理解的部分，类似于洋葱的果核。 文化的“内核”就是“价值观”：是人们关于邪恶与善良，肮脏与清洁，丑陋与美好，对于自然规律的态度等感性或理性的选择。,Culture fish,culture shock-a fish out of water,关于中西文化的五个比喻,比喻之一：淡水鱼与海水鱼。 西方文化-海洋文明 海洋有潮涨潮落，鱼类繁多，弱肉强食。但因为资源丰富，空间巨大，所以鱼类的生存在于遵循海洋的流动与潮汐规律，其避险和觅食是通过极度的自由和探索未知的领域，从而不难找到属于自己的生存资源和空间。竞争是海洋文明的主调。 中国人

9、-淡水文明。相对于海洋而言，淡水环境资源少，物种也少，但水流稳定，物种之间虽有竞争，但以和谐为主。淡水鱼一旦游入大海，其挣扎可想而知。,比喻之二：散沙与散石。曾有人说：“中国人是一盘散沙。”吾以为大谬不然。恰恰相反，西方的个人主义文化使其更像散沙。但西方的一神论宗教和完善的法律可以把一堆散沙凝结成坚强的水泥块。 而中国人的一个集体，如家庭、同事、同学、朋友等有很高的同一性与紧密性，不同的集体如一堆堆散石。如果没有适当的黏合剂，这些散石头可能产生巨大的碰撞，形成所谓的窝里斗。如果碰上“圣人之治”的时代，这些散石头合在一起，就如加了鹅卵石的水泥，比纯沙构成的水泥具有更高的强度。,比喻之三：色拉与火

10、锅。 西人的色拉，是把各种蔬菜甚至水果，加上简单的色拉料混在一起，凉拌生吃，似乎并不在乎口感的和谐。各种菜料在口感上仍然是各归各。这有点像美国的移民文化。美国虽然大量容纳世界各地的移民，但各民族文化之间并不互相融合，而是如色拉一样，在遵守美国法律的前提下保持各自相对的独立。 中国人的火锅首先是热吃，并有基本的底料，所烫的菜料虽各有其本味，但已是我中有你、你中有我，而且基本上火锅的底料之味已融入其中。,比喻之四：农夫与猎人。 中国有较早而成熟的农耕文明。农夫因为靠天吃饭，必多体察大自然，故崇尚天人合一。同时农业需要更多的集体协作，故形成紧密的集体主义文化。一旦五谷丰登、无安全之忧之后，农人便有更

11、多的时间享受生活，创作艺术。 而西人以牧猎文化为主，如圣经中的耶和华看不上该隐的谷物而选了亚伯的羊肉。猎人以杀戮动物为生，食物常无保障，故注重领地，崇尚武器，与其他猎人的关系永远处于小心谨慎之中。而且因为手中武器的强大和捕猎的生活方式，难免会将平和而富裕的农人视为掠夺的对象。,比喻之五：国画与油画。这不仅是比喻，更是中西文化在艺术上的表现。 国画是以墨色浓淡的无穷层次来表达所有的颜色，其精髓是写意，写意就是忽略细节，注重意境，把握整体。此与中医类似。虽然，国画有注重细节的工笔一派，西洋画也有抽象一流。但国画的注重细节，在追求真实性如比例、透视、明暗上，毕竟逊于西洋油画。有些西洋油画足可以与照片

12、乱真。而西洋的所谓抽象派如毕加索，不过是对实体扭曲和夸张，有令人惊讶之效。较之中国的写意韵味，其美感与情操差之远矣。,跨文化案例分析,Presentation three,Language and culture Communication Intercultural communication competence,Language and culture,Its impossible to separate our use of language from our culture. Language is a set of symbols and the rules for combini

13、ng those symbols that are used and understood by a large of community of people. When we study another language, we soon discover not only symbols and sounds, but there are rules such as grammar, syntax, and intonation. Language have a major impact on the way individual perceives and conceptualized

14、the world.,不可望文生义的英文,1.Do you have a family? 你有孩子吗？ 2.Its a good father that knows his son. 就算是最好的父亲，也未必了解自己的儿子。 3.I have no opinion of that sort of man. 我对这类人很反感。 4.She put 5 dollars into my hand, you have been a great man today.“ 她把5美圆塞到我手上说：“你今天表现得很好。” 5.I was the youngest son, and the youngest b

15、ut two. 我是最小的儿子，但是我还有两个妹妹。,6.They didnt praise him slightly. 他们大大地表扬了他。 7.Thats all I want to hear. 我已经听够了。 8.I wish I could bring you to see my point. 你要我怎么说你才能明白呢。 9.You really flatter me. 你让我受宠若惊。 10.He made a great difference. 有他没他结果完全不一样。,对外汉语考题：请解释下文中每个“意思”的意思：,阿呆给领导送红包。领导说：“你这是什么意思？”阿呆说：“没什么意

16、思，就是意思意思。”领导说：“你这就不够意思了。”阿呆说：“小意思，小意思。”领导说：“你这个人真有意思。”阿呆说：“其实没有什么别的意思。”领导说：“那我就不好意思啦。”阿呆说： “是我不好意思。”,领导说：What do you mean by this?阿呆说：Nothing much, you know, 领导说：You are going too far.阿呆说：Well, just something trivial, not worth mentioning.领导说：You are quite interesting, you know.阿呆说：Just a little gif

17、t, and nothing else.领导说：Well, in that way I will take it and thank you.阿呆说： Its my pleasure.,外国人口中的汉语,我太喜欢吃菜.我不但吃得比较多,而且常常吃.所以我有很多吃菜关联的经验. 贪小便宜吃大亏的经验也不例外.其中一个经验是去年发生的.我很喜欢吃软柿子.一天我去超市为了买软柿子.售货员对我说如果我买一箱软柿子,那么他们就给我打折.我觉得那有很利益,所以我买了一箱.买的时它们都没熟,两个多周以后也没熟.看着软柿子让我想吃.可因为它们一点儿也没熟,他们让我心里很难受.所以在第三周我开始不管它们.第四周

18、我觉得时间过的充分,看去它们了.我发现它们都突然熟了.熟以后,软柿子很容易烂.所以我开始天天吃两个,可竟然吃不完了.我把剩余的放在冷冻室,可几个坏得厉害 没办法弃几个.不但我弃了几个,还不能十分安享吃他们.这行为确实很傻的,我确实贪小便宜吃大亏了.,Language differences,中国的相声 美国的脱口秀 多国语言 多种方言,Basics of communication,are these criteria actually essential elements of communication?,Communication occurs if: there are at leas

19、t two or more people there must be some contact between communicators there must be a language shared by communicators an exchange of information has taken place,communication,There are at least two or more people. T or F?,We get five types of communication,Human communication Animal communication H

20、uman-animal communication Human-machine communication Machine-to-machine communication,There must be some contact between communicators,Two-way contact: communicators can see each other and monitor each others behavior-direct communication(1.6.8.9.10.13.14.15) One-way contact: communicators cannot s

21、ee each other, and hence cannot monitor each others behavior-indirect communication (2.3.4.5.11.12),There must be a language shared by communicators?,Human verbal communication,Human verbal language,Human verbal &computer language,Human verbal language,Artificial language,Two human verbal languages,

22、Human verbal language Human non-verbal language Artificial language Human verbal language An ancient non-verbal language Artificial language Human verbal language,Animal language Computer language,Communication,Communication occurs wherever there are human beings. It is central to our existence. Com

23、munication, which is etymologically related to both “communion” and “community”, comes from the Latin word “communicare”, which means, “to make common” or “to share”.,Elements of Communication,Source/Sender说话者 Encoding编码 Message信息 Channel/Medium媒介 Receiver接受者 Decoding解码 Response反应行为 Feedback反馈,Eleme

24、nts of Communication,Sender,Encoding,Message,Media,Decoding,Receiver,Noise,Feedback,Response,Susan meets John at the bus station and says to him: “morning, John.”,Can you use the model to analyze this conversation? The source of information is:_ The encoder is :_ The code is: _ The message:_ The cha

25、nnel is: _ The medium is: _ The noise is: _ The decoder is: _ The retrieval of information is: _,Susan Susan English Morning John Face to face Air The disturbance of the passing car John John,Communication in social situations,Any forms of communication, mono, unilateral, and bilateral ,all take pla

26、ce in social situations. (An individual working alone in his/her private study does not constitute a social situation). A social situation is created when two or more people gather to do an activity or fulfill a purpose.,Situation A,You are walking on your school campus. You see a stranger coming towards you, and the stranger also notices you. What would you do?,Situation B,you were in a waiting room only with a charming lady sitting at a corner seat. After a long interval of unbearable silence, you decided to break the silence by approaching the lady: You: Im James bon