(英语语调的分类.ppt

1、English Intonation: Types, Functions and Uses,（英语语调的分类、功能及使用）,1. Lead-in,1）A scenario from “Friends” 2）An excercise from the last final exam,Man: Are you enjoying your meal? Woman: I thought the soup was very nice. Are you enjoying your meal? (He was interested to know the womans opinion). Are you e

2、njoying your meal? (He thought the lady wasnt enloying her meal.) Are you enjoying your meal? (He wasnt enjoying his own meal.) I thought the soup was very nice.(The man did not think the soup was very nice.) I thought the soup was very nice.(She enjoyed everything, expecially the soup.) I thought t

3、he soup was very nice. (She only enjoyed the soup.),2. Types of English Intonation (Falling, Rising, Falling-rising),1）Falling表示完整和确定，主要用在：陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。,Its MINE. Hes STUDING FRENCH. WHEN will you be READY? STAND there still! WHAT a sunny room you have!,2) Rising 表示不完整和不确定；话没说完；征求意见；较长的 陈述句的前一部

4、分。,ARE they coming? Im THINKING of One DAY, our teacher asked us to write a story.,3) Falling-rising 比较复杂，表示“话里有话”，有“言外之意”， 主要用在：含有对比的陈述句、含保留意见的 陈述句、含警告口吻的祈使句。,A: Is John in? B: No, Johns not in. A: Is John in? B: No, Johns / not in. (Implication, eg. Johns not in, but his wife/sister is.),3. Functi

5、ons of English Intonation,the attitudinal function (表态功能，高兴、生气、愤怒、感激等)eg. London bridge is falling down.,Generalisations Falling: completeness, definiteness Rising: incompleteness and uncertainty or questioning Falling-rising: feelings of hesitation, contrast, reservation or doubt,2) the accentual f

6、unction (强调功能)Most common postion: the last information word of the intoniation unit. For contrastive purposes, however, any word may bear the tonic syllable.,A: Did you say a lighter shade? B: No, a BRIGHTER shade. a. I want that ONE. b. I want THAT one. 汉语例子： a.你拔白头发呢？ b.你拔白头发呢？,3) the grammatical

7、 function(语法功能),A. 陈述句变成疑问句 eg. They are going to have a / picnic? B. 句子意思不同了 eg. Those who sold quickly made a profit. a. Those who sold / quickly made a profit. b. Those who sold quickly / made a profit. 汉语例子： 这位姑娘乌黑头发没有麻子嘴不大端正 a. 这位姑娘乌黑/头发没有/麻子/嘴不大端正 b. 这位姑娘/乌黑头发/没有麻子/嘴不大/端正 -吴洁敏 2001 汉语节律学,4) th

8、e discourse function（语段功能）用语调聚焦听者对重要信息的注意力,A In speech, people often use intonation to focus the listeners attention on aspects of the message that are most important. （调核是信息焦点。） a. Its a big dog. (No, its a wolf.) b. Its a big dog. (Not medium sized.) a. But we asked for two Cokes! (Oh, I thought y

9、ou wanted tea.) b. But we asked for two Cokes! (Oh, I thought you wanted one). a. Is there milk in the refrigerator? (No, on the table.) b. Is there milk in the refrigerator? (No, but theres juice.),B In speech, people often use the falling tone to indicate new information and rising tone (including

10、 falling-rsising ) to indicate “shared” of “given” information. 如果在上下文中某个单词出现是在预料之中，该词的信息量就低；反之， 就高。信息量高的词，获得调核的可能性就高。 Ive got to take the DOG for a walk. Ive got to take the dog to the VET. 在这里，调核的选择不是依据“强调”， 而是根据信息含量。 vet的信息量明显高于walk,因为遛狗是每天的事，而带狗看病不属例行事务。,CPeople also use intonation to indicate t

11、o others that they have finished speaking and that another person is expected to speak.,4Brief guidelines for the correct use of English intonation,Put stress on important words (contentwords, not function words),Content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) Function words ( auxiliary verbs, prepostition

12、s, pronouns,etc.) We should have TOLD him.,2) Use falling tone on complete, definite statements 3) Wh-questions (Falling tone) 4) Yes / No question 5) Alternative questions Are you going to buy a new / computer or repair the old one? 6) Question tags Its a nice day, isnt it? Its Tuesday today, / isn

13、t it?,7) Echo questions,The speaker repeats sth. said by another person: a. while he is thinking what to reply A: Have we got any postcards? B: / Postcards? Yes. They are in the drawer with the envelopes. b. to ask for further explanation A: Every cook should have a computer. B: A com / puter? A: Ye

14、s, to keep a record of menus and recipes. c. because he did not hear or unerstand or believe what was said A: The new manager is coming tomorrow. His name is Tide. B: / Whats his name?,8) Correcting A: Her birthday is on the tenth of December. B: No, its on the fifth of Decemeber. (Fall) Her birthday isnt the tenth of / December. Its the fifth.(Fall-rise) 9) Listing She bought some /pens, /pencils, /postcards and stamps.,10) Polite rise ( when answering the phone) Leisure and Pleasure Re / pairing shop. 11) Rise in subordinate clause or non-fi