初中英语综合语法.ppt

1、名 词,问题1： - How many does a cow have? - Four. AstomachesBstomach CstomachsDstomachies,以 s, sh, ch, x等结尾的名词变复数时加 es；但如果以 ch 结尾的名词发音为 k时，只加 s。 另外，以辅音字母 +y 结尾的名词变复数时，需将 y 变成 i，再加 -es；以元音字母 +y 结尾的则直接加 -s。以辅音字母加 y 结尾的专有名词变复数时，也直接加 -s。,问题2： The _ of the building are covered with lots of _. Aroofs; leavesBr

2、ooves; leafs Croof; leafDroofs; leafs,以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加 s，如：serf - serfs belief-beliefs roof-roofs chief - chiefs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；b. 去 f, fe 加 ves，如：half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaveswolf-wolves wife-wives life-livesthief-thieves；c. 均可, 如：handkerchief - handkerchiefs / handkerchieves,问

3、题3： When the farmer returned home he found three _ missing. Asheeps Bsheepes Csheep Dsheepies,当sheep; deer; fish表示数量时，单复数同形；如果表示不同种类，则需加 s 或 es。 单复数同形的名词有： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese, Swiss works, means, head,问题4： Some _ visited our school last Wednesday. AGermanBGermen CGermansDGermens,国家人的名词

4、需要记住三种情况： 1、单复数同形：Chinese; Japanese; Swiss 2、需要变形：English - Englishman 3、加 s 或 -es：German Germans 详见下表。,问题6： Mr Smith has two _, both of whom are teachers in a school. Abrothers-in-lawBbrother-in-laws Cbrothers-in-lawsDbrothers-in law,以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief; fathers-in-law。如果没有中

5、心名词就在该合成词的最后加 s。如：grown-ups。,名词的可数与不可数,问题1： He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NMET95) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works,抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中 wealth 为不可数名词，works 作“作品”解，属单复数同形的可数名词。,问题2： Can you give us some _ about the writer? Ainformations Binforma

6、tion Cpiece of informations Dpieces information,大多数不可数名词都不可能转化为可数名词，常见的有：information; news; advice; progress; fun 如： This is not a match. Were playing chess for _. A habit B hobby C fun D game (2001上海春季),问题3： Many people agree that _of English is a must in international trade today. (NMET96) A. a kn

7、owledge B. knowledges C. knowledge D. the knowledge,有些抽象名词和物质名词也可转化为可数名词，用来表示某种特定的意义。a knowledge of 表示“对有所了解“。又如： This meeting is a great success. 请看下面的可数与不可数名词的转化：,名词作定语,问题1 The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it. (01北京春季) A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles

8、shop,名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1) 用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷,问题2 It took us quite a long time to get here. It was _ journey. （05

9、北京春季） A. three-hour B. a three hour C. a three-hour D. three hours,“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如： a ten-mile walk； a five-year plan但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。 The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. （04上海春季） A. a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours,问题3： There are onl

10、y twelve _ in the hospital. Awoman doctors Bwomen doctors Cwomen doctor Dwoman doctor,man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：a man worker men workers a woman teacher women teachers a gentleman official gentlemen officials,名词的搭配,问题1 Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no _ but to tak

11、e a taxi. (N 19993) A. way B. choice C. possibilityD. selection,可以将“ have no choice but to do ”视为一个结构，现在考查这类搭配的题有很多，如： I am sure David will be able to find the library he has a pretty good _ of direction.（05浙江卷） Aidea Bfeeling Cexperience Dsense 类似的题还有：,1. Heres my card. Lets keep in _. (N 1994) (A)

12、 A. touchB. relationC. connectionD. friendship 2. You can take as many as you like because they are free of _. (1998 上海) (B) A. fareB. chargeC. moneyD. pay 3. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. （03北京春季）（B） AideaBsenseCthoughtDThinking 4. I keep medicines on the top s

13、helf, out of the childrens _. （04天津）(A) A reachB handC holdD place,问题2 A rough estimate, Nigeria is_ Great Britain. （05上海卷） A. three times the size as B. the size three times of C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of,注意名词用来表示比较的特殊用法。它的结构为“倍数+the +名词+ of + 对象”。常用在该结构中的名词为：the size o

14、f; the weight of; the length of .,名词词语辨析,问题1 Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_. （05天津卷） (C) A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind,高考试卷中考查名词词义辨析的题目越来越多了，这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中注意同类词的比较和辨析，同时尽可能从阅读过程中汲取更多的知识。本题的意思是参加体育锻炼的目的是增强体质和力气。,形容词和副词,考 点 分 析 1、形容词和副词的基本用法； 2、形容词和副词的位置； 3、形容词和副

15、词的级别； 4、常见形容词和副词的用法比较。,形容词的基本用法,1、形容词的词义 问题1： - Im very _ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious. - Mm, it does have a _ smell. (2002北京) A. pleasant, pleasedB. pleased, pleased C. pleasant, pleasantD. pleased, pleasant,D,高考中关于形容词的词义的题考得不少，复习时需密切关注。该句中 pleased 表示“感到满意（高兴）的”；pleasant

16、表示“令人满意（高兴）的”。根据句意不难发现答案为D。,问题2： Their cheerful voice showed that they were having a _ discussion. (1997上海) A. noisyB. seriousC. complete D. friendly 问题3： If it is quite _ to you, I will visit you next Tuesday. （05天津卷） A. convenient B. fair C. easy D. comfortable,D,该句中 cheerful 是重要的提示词，意为“欢快的”。noisy

17、; serious 以及 complete 显然都与题义无关。是形容词，意为“友好的”，只有它符合题义。,It is convenient for sb. to do sth. 该句型意为：“某人方便（适合）做某事”；一般不说“sb. is convenient to do sth.” 其它三个词显然不符合句义。,A,2、后置定语问题 问题4： All the people _ at the party were his supporters. (02北京) A. presentB. thankfulC. interested D. important,解析：形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词

18、的前边。但是下列情况要后置： proper (本身), present (在场的，出席的), involved (有关的), concerned (相关的), left (剩下的), objecting (反对的), mentioned (提及的), selected (当选的)等。 如 the students present (出席的学生) the cost involved (所需费用),A,f.,下列情况也要后置： a. some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词的修饰语要后 置如： something new; nothing serious; anything i

19、nteresting b. else 修饰不定代词和疑问代词时，要后置。如： Nobody else is so silly as you are. c. 不定式短语，动名词短语，分词短语，介词短语做定 语要后置。如： Do you still remember the afternoon in the first year at college when the professor gave us a chemistry lesson? d. 以 a- 开头的形容词做定语要后置如：alike, alive, alone, asleep, afraid, awake 如： He is the

20、only man awake at that time.,巩固练习： I cant get a good picture on my TV set. There must be something _ with it. A. badB. matterC. the matterD. the wrong 2. _ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. A. Brave enough studentsB. Enough brave students C. Students brave en

21、oughD. Students enough brave 3. There is _ to hold the water. A. nothing big enoughB. nothing enough big C. big enough nothingD. enough big nothing,C,C,A,3、以-ly 结尾的形容词 问题5： What he said sounds _. (1993上海) nicelyB. pleasantlyC. friendlyD. wonderfully,解析：1） 大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lo

22、nely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，manly, timely, worldly (老于世故的) 仍为形容词。改错：(错） She sang lovely. （对） Her singing was lovely. （错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. It is published

23、 daily.,C,多个形容词修饰名词的顺序,问题1 John Smith, a successful businessman, has a car. （04辽宁） Alarge German white Blarge white German Cwhite large German DGerman large white,多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -出处-材料性质，类别-名词 根据这个公式，就不难排列出：大小 + 颜色 + 出处，故选择B。,B,问题2: This _ girl is Linds cousin. (05北京卷)

24、A. pretty little SpanishB. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty littleD. little pretty Spanish 问题3：One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone ChineseD. Chinese stone old,由“限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -性质-名词”的公式可知，描绘词 + 大小 + 出处的顺序，最符合

25、答案。,根据排列顺序： 大小、形状 +年龄+颜色+来源+质地+用途+名词可选择A,A,A,常见形容词的比较,1). worth - worthy - worthwhile 2) alike - like -likely 3) dead - deadly - deathly 4) historic - historical 5) live - lively - alive - living 6) possible - probable- likely 7) valueless -priceless 8) respectable (可敬的、高尚的) - respectful (表示敬意的) A r

26、espectable man is respectful to others. 9) healthy (健康的) - healthful (有益于健康的) The air at seaside is healthful to us. So all of us are healthy.,巩固练习： The World Cup in France was the biggest _ football match in the world. A. aliveB. liveC. livelyD. living 2. Anyone who has spent time with children kno

27、ws the difference in the way boys and girls respond (反应) to the _ situation. A. likelyB. sameC. alikeD. similar 3. Its _ to rain but not _ before evening. A. possible probableB. probable possible C. possibly probablyD. probably possibly,B,D,A,副词的基本用法,问题1：_, some famous scientists have the qualities

28、of being both careful and careless. （04上海春季） A. Strangely enough B. Enough strangely C. Strange enough D. Enough strange 问题2： Can you believe that in _ a rich country there should be _ many poor people? (1995 N) A. such, such B. such, so C. so, so D. so, such,A,B,副词 enough 要放在形容词和副词的后面，形容词 enough 放在

29、名词前后都可。,A: 基本句型：such + (a) + adj. + n. ; so + adj. + a + n. B: such 后可加各种名词，而so后面只能加单数名词； C: so 可加 many, much, few, little 等，而such不能。,问题3： We dont care if a hunting dog smells _, but we really dont want him to smell _. (1995上海) A. well, well B. bad, badC. well, badlyD. badly, bad 问题4： Allen had to c

30、all a taxi because the box was _ to carry all the way home. （03全国卷） Amuch too heavyBtoo much heavy Cheavy too muchDtoo heavy much,C,A,smell 有双重词性，作“闻起来”解是系动词，后接形容词作表语；作“嗅”解是形为动词，后接副词。该题的干扰项是B，“smells bad” 表示闻起来很臭，不可能同时放入两个空格。,much too 是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词；too much 是名词或形容词，可单独使用或修饰名词。,问题5： John is very laz

31、y. He falls _ behind in his studies. (05(广东卷) A. very B. far C. more D. still 问题6： Must I turn off the gas after cooking ? Of course . You can never be careful with that . (05江西卷) Aenough Btoo Cso Dvery,B,B,副词的修饰关系是现今高考的热点之一，复习中应予以足够的重视。“far behind ”表示“远远地掉在后面”。,“can never be too ”是一种固定的表达方式，意为“越就越好

32、”,常用副词的比较,问题1： It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood _ to her mother.( 2002北京) A. closeB. closelyC. closed D. closing 问题2： We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining _. (1996 N) A. badlyB. hardlyC. strongly D. heavily,A,D,close to 离近，此处 close 是副词；closely 表示“密切

33、地”，与题意无关。,表示 “雨下得大”可用 rain hard; rain heavily等，不用 badly 或 strongly。表示“刮大风”可用 strong wind。hardly 是否定词，与句意无关。,注意下面兼有两种形式的副词 close 与 closely close意思是“近”； closely 意思是“仔细地” He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. late 与 lately late意思是“晚”； lately 意思是“最近” You have come too late. What have you been do

34、ing lately? 3) deep 与 deeplydeep意思是“深”，表示时间和空间深度；deeply时常 表示感情上的深度，深深地 He pushed the stick deep into the mud. He often works deep into the night. Even father was deeply moved by the film.,high 与 highly high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5) wide 与

35、 widely wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多 地方” He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. 6) free 与 freely free的意思是免费；freely 的意思是无限制地 You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.,另外注意下列各组副词的用法区别 1) just - just now 2) rather - fairly 3)

36、yet - still - already 4) hard - hardly - rarely - scarcely 5) such a + adj. + n. - so + adj. + a + n. 6) most - mostly - almost 7) especially - specially 8) every day - everyday 9) sometime - sometimes -some time,巩固练习： Its always difficult being in a foreign country, _ if you dont speak the language

37、. A. Extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially 2. Would you be _ do me a favor? A. kind enough B. so kind as to C. so kind toD. kind as to 3. The guide told us that he would organize some businessmen from abroad to have a tour _ the next month. A. some timeB. sometime C. some timesD. sometim

38、es 4. It is _ that his English is _ perfect. A. sure veryB. right rather C. exact fairlyD. certain quite,D,B,B,D,形容词和副词的级别,1、as as 结构 问题1： John is the tallest boy in the class, _ according to himself. （05安徽卷） (B) A. five foot eight as tall as B. as tall as five foot eight C. as five foot eight tall

39、as D. as tall five foot eight as 问题2： What a table! Ive never seen such a thing before. It is _ it is long. （05湖北卷） Ahalf not as wide asBwide not as half as Cnot half as wide asDas wide as not half,B,C,as tall as “高达”, five foot eight = five feet eight inches,as wide as 是比较，所以倍数词应放在前面。,说明： 1）在否定句或疑问

40、句中可用so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2）当as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。 as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的 前面。This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine.,4) 倍数+ the +

41、n + of 倍数+ as + adj. + as This bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.Your room is twice the size of mine. 5) 数量词 + senior / junior + to He is seven years senior to his wife. I am three years junior to my elder

42、sister.,、 more than 结构 问题1：Is your headache getting _? No, its worse. （05全国卷3） AbetterBbadClessDwell 问题2： Mr. Smith owns _ collection of coins than anyone else I have ever met. （05山东卷） A. largerB. a largerC. the largerD. a large 问题3： The number of people present at the concert was _ than expected. T

43、here were many tickets left. （04福建） Amuch smallerBmuch more Cmuch largerDmany more,A,B,A,1）要避免重复使用比较级。 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is cleverer than his brother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other country in Asia.3）要注意

44、对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4）程度词 a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等词可修饰比较级。除 外，还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。以 上词 (除by far) 外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前 面。而 by fa

45、r 一般置于比较级之后和最高级之前。,、of the two 结构 问题1： Of the two shirts, Id like to choose _ one. (94 上海) A. the less expensiveB. the most expensive C. less expensiveD. most expensive 问题2： If the manager had to choose between the two, he would say John was _ choice. (95 上海) A. goodB. the bestC. betterD. the better

46、,说明：在 of the two 结构中，比较级前要加 the，但如果不在 of the two 结构中，要注意冠词的使用。后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有冠词。 比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.,A,D,4、the + 最高级 + 比较范围 问题1：David has won the first pri

47、ze in singing; he is still very excited now and feels_ desire to go to bed. (05江苏卷) A. the most B. more C. worse D. the least 问题2： Greenland, _ island in the world, covers over two million square kilometers. (2000 上海) A. it is the largestB. that is the largest C. is the largestD. the largest,D,D,1)形

48、容词最高级前必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。 The shortest boy runs fastest in the 100-meter race. 形容词 most 前面没有 the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。It is a most important problem. = It is a very important problem.注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 (错)Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (对)Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2)

49、下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almostThis hat is nearly / almost the biggest.,注意：a. very 可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best.b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。 Africa is the second largest continent.3) 句型转换： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any

50、other student in his class.4) “否定词语 + 比较级”，“否定词语 + so as” 结构表示最 高级含义。 Nothing is so easy as this.= Nothing is easier than this.= This is the easiest thing.,5、和more有关的词组 1) the more the more越就越 The harder you work，the greater progress youll make.2) more B than A与其说A不如说B less A than B He is more lazy

51、than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more than 与一样(不)，不比多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than与一样 He is no less diligent than you.4) more than不只是，非常She is more than kind to us all.,情态动词学习五要素,一、注意情态动词的推测用法 推测性情态动词共有三个，其用法见表,例1：-Are you coming t

52、o Jeffs party?-Im not sure. I _go to the concert instead.(NMET2000) A. mustB. would C. shouldD. might,析：选D。Im not sure.的语境表明把握性不大，当然我去参加音乐演奏会的可能性就比较小了，故不用must应用might,例 2：-_the news be true?No, it_be true.A. Can, cant B. May, cantC. May, may not D. Must, mustnt,析： 选A。因为前半句是疑问句，后半句为否定句，两空都不能使用may/migh

53、t 和must，应而用can和cant。,二、了解情态动词的完成式用法,（一）should /ought to have done本来应做而未做，表达遗憾感情色彩,例1：I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I _for her.(NMET94) had to write it out must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out,析： 选C。分析语境可知，口头上告知Sally如何去那里是不够的，所以我本应书面告知，却有没书面告知之，

54、显得应使用should /ought to have written表示遗憾之情。,例2： I was really anxious about you, you_home without a word.(NMET2001) A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave,析: 选B。 由语境可知，我真的为你担心，所以你不应该一句话不说就离开家，但实际上你确实这么做了，显然应填shouldnt/ought to have left，表示责备。,（二）may/might have done可能已

55、做must have done 一定已做cant have done不可能做,例1：-Where is my pen? - I _it.(NMET88) A. might lose B. wouldnt have lost C. should have lost D. must have lost,例2：The light in his room is still on, so he _ to bed.A. mustnt have goneB. must have goneC. shouldnt have gone D. cant have gone,析：选D。由于他房间里的灯还亮着推测，他不

56、可能已经上床睡觉了，应填cant have gone 。,（三）could have done指本来能做而实际未做，表达遗憾的感情色彩,You could at least have sent five cards.你至少可以寄5张明信片的。,三、熟悉情态动词委婉用法： could, would, might等情态动词均有委婉用法，它们不是过去式而是表示语气委婉、客气、礼貌，常用与疑问句，并多用于习惯表达， 如would you please, would you mind, would you like to等，might还可以用于肯定句表示推测，表示可能性小， might和could表示征

57、求对方意见时，回答必须还成may, can.,例1：-Could I borrow your dictionary?Yes, of course you_.A. mightB. will C. canD. should,析：选C。该句用can的委婉表达式could 来征求对方意见，could 和might通用，但回答时必须还成can或may，因此该题不选A.,例2：_you mind my smoking here?A. ShouldB Could C. MightD. Would,析：选D。征求对方意见我是否在这儿吸烟，语气理应委婉，所以应选委婉的表达方式would you mind来征求对方意见。,四、弄清情态动词的异化现象,有些情态用于疑问句进行回答时，出现了异化现象，此时回答在某 个角度不能继续使用该情态动词， 而改用别的动词。,例1：-Must I start at once? No, you_.A. nee