新编英汉翻译教程课件lect.3

1、免费版新编英汉翻译教程 Lecture 3A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Languages,参考文献： 连淑能:英汉对比研究Z北京：高等教育出版社，1993 连淑能:英译汉教程Z北京：高等教育出版社，2006 潘文国：汉英语对比纲要Z北京：北京语言文化大学出版社，1997 刘宓庆：新编汉英对比与翻译M北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2006,冯庆华：实用翻译教程Z上海外语教育出版社，2000 陆国强：英汉和汉英语义结构对比M上海：复旦大学出版社，1999 王福祥：对比语言学论文集C北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1992 周志培：英汉对比与翻译中

2、的转换M上海：华东理工大学出版社，2003,I. Lexical Comparison of Chinese and English,1、Comparison of script(文字对比)： English (alphabetic script)（只有词） Chinese （ideographic-oriented syllabic script）: （有字又有词） 象形字（pictograph），指事字（indicative character），会意字（associative character），形声字（morpheme-phonetic character）,2、Comparison

3、 of pronunciation Chinese ( tonal language) English (intonation language) 3、Comparison of word formation,4、Difference of morphology English 有屈折变化（inflections）：性、数、格、时、体、态、语气、人称、比较级等； Chinese 没有形态变化，但有量词（动量词）、语气词、形态助词；,从整个语言特征对比 1、综合语与分析语（synthetic vs. analytic） 2、集聚与流散（compact vs. diffusive） 3、形合与意合

4、（hypotactic vs. paratactic） 4、繁复与简洁（complex vs. simplex） 5、物称与人称（impersonal vs. personal） 6、被动与主动（passive vs. active） 7、静态与动态（stative vs. dynamic） 8、抽象与具体（abstract vs. concrete） 9、间接与直接（indirect vs. direct） 10、替换与重复（substitutive vs. reiterative）,English vs. Chinese: Ten Pairs of Features,(一) Synthet

5、ic vs. Analytic,1.Introduction Synthetic Language A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”. e.g Old English, Latin, German,2) Analytic Language An analytic language is “characterized by relatively frequent use of f

6、unction words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relationships,rather than of inflected forms”. e.g Chinese,3) Modern English? 现代英语是从古英语发展而来的,仍然保留着综合语的某些特征,但也具有分析语的特点。现代英语运用遗留下来的形态变化形式、相对固定的词序及丰富的虚词来表达语法关系，因此属于综合-分析语（Synthetic analytic Language),2.表达语法意义的三大手段,形态变化(infle

7、ction) 词序(word order) 虚词(function word) 英汉表达方式的差异与这些因素有着密切关系。,1)Inflectional vs. Non-inflectional,In English, nouns, pronouns, and verbs are inflected（the endings -er, -est, denoting degrees of comparison, are better regarded as non-inflectional suffixes）. Such grammatical meanings as parts of speec

8、h, gender, number, case, person, tense, aspect, voice, mood, and non-finite verbs, can be expressed by the use of inflected forms with or without the help of function words and word order,whereas in Chinese this is generally not true: the above grammatical meanings are mostly implied in contexts or

9、between the lines, though often with the help of word order and function（or other）words, e.g.,1) Inflectional vs. Non-inflectional,汉语没有词形变化，就难以用这么多的句式来表达同样的意思。 构形形态 即表达语法意义的词形变化。如： 我给他一本书。I gave him a book. 他已给我两本书。He has given me two books. 他爸爸常常给他一些书。His father often gives him books. 严格说来，汉语没有形态变化

10、，一般要通过添加词语、安排词序、上下文来表达语法意义。,安排词序 There be + subject . （2）Expansion: adding modifiers, including words, phrases, and clauses; using phrases or clauses instead of words as the members of the basic patterns.,（3）Combination: combining simple sentences into compound or compound-complex （4）Omission: omitt

11、ing certain members of the sentence. （5）Inversion: inverting the word order of the sentence.,2.流散型(diffusiveness),English subject-predicate structure appears rigid as a result of certain grammatical bonds, including the patternization and the principles of grammatical and notional concord. Chinese,

12、however, is relatively free from the government of s-V concord and formal markers. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and therefore complicated and supple.,汉语不受形态的约束，没有主谓形式协调一致的关系。汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散型”。,1)The subject of a Chinese sentence is varied, often option

13、al:,1. 文章翻译完了。（受事主语） The article has been translated. 2. 全市到处在兴建新工厂。（地点主语） New factories are being built all over the city. 3. 现在正下着毛毛雨。（时间主语） Its drizzling at the moment.,4. 累得我站不起来了。（无主句） Im so exhausted that I cant stand up. 5. 他有个女儿，（）在北京工作，（）已经打电话去了，（）听说明天就能回来。（变换主语并省略） He has a daughter, who w

14、orks in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow.,2)The predicate of a Chinese sentence is also varied and complicated:,1. 天高云淡。（形容词作谓语） The sky is high and the clouds are pale. 2. 他出国留学去了。（连动式谓语） He has gone abroad for further studies. 3. 我介绍他加入协会。（兼语式谓语） I reco

15、mmended him for membership of the association,3)In addition, there are quite a few illogical expressions in Chinese.,Compare: 晒太阳to bask in the sun 晒衣服to sun ones clothes 补充缺额to fill a vacancy 补充人力to replenish manpower 吃大碗to eat with a big bowl 打扫卫生to do some cleaning 打扫房间to clean a room,吃苹果to eat a

16、n apple 救火to fight a fire 救国to save the nation 恢复疲劳to get refreshed 恢复健康to recover ones health,4) More ambiguity can be found in Chinese due to the lack of connectives, inflections and other grammatical markers:,1. 他欠你的钱（他欠你钱他欠你的钱） 2. 准备了两年的食物（准备了两年的食物准备了两年的食物） 3. 热爱人民的总理（热爱人民的总理热爱人民的总理） 4. 神秘的少女的心（

17、神秘的少女的心神秘的少女的心） 5. 找到了孩子的妈妈（找到了孩子的妈妈找到了孩子的妈妈）,6. 喜欢的是她（喜欢她她喜欢） 7. 是前天发的电报（回答“这是什么”回答“什么时候发电报”） 8. 财务组应该清查（“财务组”是施事：清查别人“财务组”是受事：被清查） 9. 我差一点没跟他结婚（想跟他结婚，事实上也跟他结婚了不想跟他结婚，也没有跟他结婚跟不跟他结婚无所谓，不过事实上没有跟他结婚）,3)汉语的流水句 The suppleness of the Chinese language also manifests itself in the run-on sentence（流水句），whic

18、h is composed of the full sentence and the minor sentence ”（小句）. A full sentence has a subject-predicate structure, while a minor sentence has only a word（s）or, phrase（s）. As 吕叔湘（1979: 27）points out, “用小句而不用句子做基本单位，较能适应汉语的情况，因为汉语口语里特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连”:,1. 接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债

19、，这么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的计划。（马南村：燕山夜话)Reference 2.我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢。 There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.,He went on indulging in wishful thinking, Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him money. With this he Coul

20、d buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him. With the money, he could become a money lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course, had nothing at all to do with production.,(三）Conclusion,英语注重句子结构完整，遵循句子成分之间协调一致的原则，使用形态标志及连接词使各种成分关系明确，有着规范的结构形

21、式。 汉语的句子结构比较灵活，因为汉语重内在的意义连贯而不种外在形式。汉语不要求结构齐整，无论是在口语还是书面语中，都存在大量的流散型句式。,王力（1984: 53, 141）also points out, “就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”所谓“法治”，即句子的形式严格受到语法的制约，如句子必须有主语和谓语动词，及物动词必须有宾语，这些“不管用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律”。所谓“人治”，即句子比较不受形式的约束，可以因表意的需要而加以变通，词语的分合伸缩比较灵活，“用得着就用，用不着就不用”，只要双方意思明白，就可以了。英语有综合语的特征，受形态的约束，

22、因而“语法是硬的，没有弹性”；汉语是分析语，不受形态的约束，因而“语法是软的，富于弹性”。,(三) Hypotactic vs. Paratactic,1. Hypotaxis（形合法） Hypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. e.g. I shall despair if you dont come. English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis.,Contrast Betwee

23、n English and Chinese,Chinese Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹） （语序相对固定）,English Order of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木） （语序相对灵活）,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (

24、隐性连贯) Paratactic 语义型语言 (以意统形),English Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （显性联接） Hypotactic 形态型语言 (以形驭意),To clarify the relations between words, phrases or clauses, English more often resorts to overt cohesion（显性接应），frequently using various cohesive ties such as relatives（relative or con

25、junctive pronouns and adverbs, e. g. who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how）, connectives（coordinate or subordinate conjunctions, e. g. and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, (n)either(n)or, when, while, as, since, until, so that, unless, lest）, prepositions, and some others

26、.,1) Relatives the river flooded; the house washed away. Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis.,By contrast, Chinese more frequently relies on covert coherence （隐性连贯） and context, focusing on temporal or logical sequences. Instead of using various cohesive ties such as relatives, connec

27、tives and prepositions as in English, Chinese more often resorts to word order, contracted sentences （紧缩句）, four-character expressions （四字格） and some grammatical or rhetorical devices such as repetition, antithesis, and parallelism.,1) 语序,汉语中的许多主从复句,虽不用关联词,形式类似并列句,但分句含义却有主有次.从句若置前,一般有“因为”、“如果”、“虽然”、

28、“即使”等含义。,Compare English with Chinese: 1. 人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。（语序） We will not attack unless we are attacked. 2. 说是说了，没有结果。（我虽然说了，但是没有结果。）（语序） Ive made proposals, but they proved futile. 3.（一旦）抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。（语序） Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.,2) 紧缩

29、句,这类句式是由复句紧缩而成的，简明紧凑，分句之间的语法关系和逻辑关系往往是隐含的。 e.g. 不到黄河心不死。（紧缩句） Until all is over, ambition never dies. 有饭大家吃。（如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧）（紧缩句） Let everybody share the food if there is any.,3) 四字格,四字格是汉语里广为运用的语言形式，言简意赅，常常是意合法的佳作。 e.g. 不进则退。（四字格） He who does not advance falls backward. / Move forward, or youll fal

30、l behind. 物极必反。（四字格） Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.,4) 反复、排比、对偶、对照等,这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。 e.g. （如果）他不来，我（就）不去。（对照） If he wont come here, Ill not go there. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。（对偶） Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.,3.小结,英语注重形合，常常借助各种连接手段，因而比较严谨；汉语注重意合，注重功

31、能、意义、常常不用或少用连接手段，因而比较简洁。英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构、形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，往往要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式。,四) Complex vs Simplex,English sentence-building is characterized by an architecture style (楼房建筑法) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese, a chronicle style (流水记事法) with frequent

32、use of shorter or composite structures. In a word, English sentences are often complex while Chinese sentences are often simple.,1. Complex,Subordination, the placing of certain elements in modifying roles, is a fundamental feature of English. With plenty of subordinate clauses and phrases,English h

33、as comparatively longer and more complicated sentences than Chinese. 英语包孕式的复合句很常见,各式各样的长短成分,通过丰富而灵活的连接手段,可以接成枝叶横生的“参天大树”。,2) Simplex,Chinese is marked by its coordination, loose or minor sentences, contracted sentences, elliptical sentences, run-on sentences, and composite sentences. 汉语造句主要采用“流水记事法”

34、，常用分句或流水句来逐层叙述思维的各个过程。,3. 英译汉技巧,破句重组，化繁为简 Illustrative examples: 1. In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。 (cf.门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一）。 2. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me? 你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？ (cf.我有一个

35、问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？）,4）汉译英技巧,化简为繁，组合成复合句或长句 e.g. 由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。 The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities，is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,如果按照汉语译文的结构来回译成英语句子，有的学生就译成下面的句子： Because there is a great

36、distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.,五) Impersonal vs Personal,In an English sentence, the choice of its subject often falls on the inanimate or the thing that is no

37、t living. For example, it would be preferable to say “There are eight people in his family.” than “He has eight people in his family.” This special feature of English is especially shown in writings in formal style such as news reports or scientific essays. On the other hand, we Chinese tend to pick

38、 up animate things or persons to function as the subject of a sentence.,Formal written English often goes with an impersonal style. Chinese, by contrast, prefers to use a personal style. 汉语重人称，英语重物称，这一特点主要表现在如何使用主语和动词这两方面。,1. 英语常用非人称主语，汉语常用人称主语,英语较常用物称表达法，即不用人称来叙述，而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。英语可用人称主语表达，也常用非人称主语表

39、达。用非人称主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”，而汉语则较常用人称主语表达，往往注重“什么人怎么样了”。例如：,1）What has happened to you? 你出了什么事啦？2）An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到一个主意。3）A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。4）Not a sound reached our ears. 我们没有听到任何声音。5）A great elation overcame them. 他们欣喜若狂。6）Alarm bega

40、n to take entire possession of him 他开始变得惊恐万状。,英语用非人称作主语的句子大体可以分为两类：,（1）“无灵主语”+“有灵动词” 英语中这类非人称主语采用“无灵主语”(inanimate subject)表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb)表示人或社会团体的动作或行为等。英语中的“无灵主浯”与“有灵动词”的搭配比汉语多，使用的场合也比汉语广。汉语的“有灵动词”只与人称搭配。汉语“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”的搭配通常作为一种修辞手段拟人化：,Excitement deprived me of a

41、ll power of utterance. 我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。 The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。,在汉英转换中，用“物称”代替“人称”常常是一种有效的手段，如： 一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology. 凭良心

42、讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.,（2）英语中用非人称代词it作主语，这往往使句子显出物称倾向；汉语中没有这类用法的非人称代词，因而常用人称，或省略人称，或采用无主句。翻译成汉语时必须转换成以人开头或隐含拟人开头的句子。,It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest 我从来也没想到她这么不老实。 It is necessary for us to have exercise everyday 我们每天必须做

43、一些运动。 It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession 人总是在面临考验关头，才发现自己的专长。,others,英语”There be”句式及用不定代词”one”做主语的句子也具有非人称倾向。 In 1958, there was a strike participated in by five thousand workers. 1958年，五千个工人参加了一次罢工。 One must be a servant before one can be a master. 要当主人，先当仆人。,others,英语常

44、用被动式，采用五称表达法；汉语常用主动式，采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。 发现了错误，一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they were discovered. 必须调整高等院校的专业设置，改进教学方法。 Specialties in college and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved.,六) Passive vs. Active,1.Passive 被动语态在英语中是一种常见的语法现象。英语常用被动句主要有以下几方面的原因：,（1）主语不详，如： A puppy

45、 was knocked down. Actions must be taken to improve the economic situation. （2）突出宾语，如： The gangster was sent to prison. Two eye witnesses have been questioned. All good students will be rewarded.,（3）不方便提到主语，如： Some students are said to be often late for class. The name of the suspect has been submit

46、ted to the police. （4）动词习惯以被动式出现，如： You are expected to work hard from now on. The last train is scheduled to leave at 10p.m. All loyal citizens are supposed to defend their country.,（5）文体的需要（信息性的文体） 科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体,英语的结构被动句(syntactic passive)远比意义被动句(notional passive)多。 These products sell like

47、hot cakes. The room filled rapidly. This kind of cloth washes very well. The book is printing. The plan is working out.,英语有些被动意义可以用词汇手段来表达。 examinee employee his astonishment respactable in ones possession under the influence(of alcohol),(2).Active 汉语常用主动式、意义被动式，而少用结构被动式。这一差异只要是因为： 汉语被动式的使用受到限制。 到近代

48、，汉语才有“被动式”，而且曾被称为“不幸语态”。 通过添加一些表示被动的词汇构成： “被”、“让”、“给”、“叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙”等，但也大多表达不如意或不企望的事情。,2）当施事者难以指明时，采用通称：“人”、“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“人家”、“别人”、“某人”。 人们普遍认为 众所周知 据说 据悉 有人听见呼救的声音。,3）英语的被动式译成汉语时，若不采用“被动式”，常常采用“处置式”（把、将、使）。 These questions should not be confused. 不要把这些问题混在一起。 Kissinger was alarmed by Chinas

49、 first atomic blast in October,1964. 一九六四年十月，中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，这把基辛格吓了一跳。 Whenever work is being done,energy is being converted from one form into another. 凡是做工，都是把能从一中形式转换成另一种形式。,七) Static vs Dynamic,Englishtendstouselessverbsthan Chinese.InasimpleEnglishsentenceorinanEnglishclause,onlyoneverbisusedasthe

50、predicateofthesentence orclause.InaChinesesentence,a numberofverbscanbeusedasits predicateatthesametime,sowemay saythattheChineseisrather“dynamic”whiletheEnglishis“static”.,Nouns can be characterized as “stative” while verbs can be equally characterized as “dynamic”. Adjectives and prepositions ofte

51、n go hand in hand with nouns while adverbs are frequently used with verbs. English is featured bt its predominance of nouns over verbs, and is therefore more static. Chinese often employs verbs and verbal phrases, and is therefore more dynamic.,1.Static 1) 名词化(nominalization)是英语常见的现象 名词化主要指用名词来表达原来属

52、于动词(或形容词)所表达的概念,如用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态、品质、情感等概念。,Compare:,e.g. The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere. Freedom-loving people everywhere condemned them because they violated

53、the agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country.,2) 用名词表示施动者，以代替动词 英语中有大量由动词派生(-er /or)的名词既表示施事者，又保留原来动词的意义。这类名词常与前置形容词构成静态结构。 a hard worker 工作努力 He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。,3）用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语 报刊标题为了节约版面，尽量省去虚词和其他次要的词，把醒目的词语挤压在一起。 Sino-American

54、Trade Review Talks Start Job Opportunity Discrimination,4) 名词优势造成介词优势 英语常常使用介词取代动词短语，即以“静”代“动”。 He is at his books. The machine is in operation. They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy.,2. Dynamic 1) 动词连用是汉语常见的现象 他想办法摆脱了困境。 He thought his way out of the dilemma. 我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算帐吧。 Let me

55、 go and ask them to send an accountant here to help you with your accounts. 我被老师叫到办公室去作检讨。 I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism.,2)动词（词组）可以充当汉语句子的各种成分。 实现理想要靠辛勤劳动。 To translate ideals into reality needs had work. 解决问题的最好方法是进行调查研究。 The best way to solve the problem is to

56、 conduct investigations.,3)汉语动词常常重复或重叠 说是的说是，说非的说非，莫衷一是。 Some say “yes” and others “no”; I dont know whom to follow. 念死书念出来的学问是没有多大用处的。 Learning by rote will be unprofitable. 学问，学问，要学要问；边学边问，才有学问。 Acquisition of knowledge entails leaning and seeking for explanation.,3.英汉互译往往是静态与动态互相转换的过程 静态转换为动态 It

57、came not as a Nixon revelation, but rather as a confirmation of the “New York Times” story. 这不能算是尼克松透露了什么新东西,而是证实了“纽约时报”的报道。,动态转换为静态： 一切爱好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，彻底销毁核武器。 All peace-loving people demand the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. 他深信，只有对历史加以透彻研究，才能真正学到知识。 He is in t

58、he full conviction that real knowledge is the end product of a thorough study of the history.,Exercise,He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaler. He has someone behind him. 他学东西很快。 计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。,八) Abstract vs. Concrete,英语倾向用名词表达，往往导致语言的抽象化，而汉族人喜欢用比较具体的方式来表达抽象的意义。 In English, norminalization often resu

59、lts in abstraction. The method of abstract diction is found in the frequent use of abstract nouns.,汉语往往采用如下的手段来表达英语的抽象词义：,1) 用动词取代抽象名词。英语大量的行为抽象名词表示行为或动作意义，由这类名词构成的短语往往相当于主谓结构或动宾结构。汉语若用相应的名词表达，往往显得不自然、不通顺。在英汉转换中，汉语可充分利用其动词优势，以动代静，以实代虚。,I marvelled at the relentless determination of the rain. 雨无情地下个不停，我感到惊异。 He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decisions. 在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。 High blood pressure is a contraindication for this drug. 高血压患者忌服此药。 These problems defy easy classification. 这些问题难以归类。,2) 用范畴词使抽象概念具体化。范畴词（category words）用来表示行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，是汉语常用的特指手段。如： We