网考英语语法汇总

1、网考英语语法汇总,名词,By Hmily,College English Test,3,名词的分类,抽象名词 education 物质名词 water rice 集合名词 family police people 个体名词（大于等于2时出现复数的变化）books， buses，dishes，benches，boxes，radios，potatoes，leaves，knives，cities，sheep,By Hmily,College English Test,4,名词的几个要点,名词的数：个体名词的复数变化 名词的性：purse - wallet boy - girl bride - bri

2、degroom 名词的格：Toms book Bank of China,冠词,By Hmily,College English Test,6,不定冠词,名词开头的第一个音标是元音时前面使用不定冠词 an an hour 名词开头的第一个音标是辅音时前面使用不定冠词 a a university,By Hmily,College English Test,7,定冠词,专有名词之前 the Great Wall 世界上独一无二的事物之前 the sun 形容词的最高级之前 the best 序数词之前 the third 特指 on the desk 上文提到过的事物后文再次提到 I have

3、a book， the book is green。,代词,By Hmily,College English Test,9,指示代词 2) hundred, thousand, million用于数目时不用复数。,By Hmily,College English Test,15,3) dozen(12),score(20）与hundred, thousand等词用法相同 e.g.: 123,456,789 a hundred and twenty-three million four hundred and fifty-six thousand seven hundred and eighty

4、-nine 40 two score 4) 用作粗略表示，仅为大概数目时，以上词可用复数。 hundreds of thousands of scores of dozens of,By Hmily,College English Test,16,2、序数词 first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth tw

5、enty-first thirty-second hundredth 注意： 序数词之前一般要用定冠词,By Hmily,College English Test,17,3、习惯用法： 1）年份读写年份时，先读前两位，再读后两位，如： 1995 nineteen ninety-five 1807 eighteen and (or “0”) seven 2000 two thousand 1800 eighteen hundred “公元前” B.C. “公元” A.D. 2) 日期日期一般要用序数词表示，英美写法有所不同 美国： 8/21/95 August 21, 1995 August 2

6、1st, 1995 英国： 21/8/95 21 August, 1995 21st August, 1995,By Hmily,College English Test,18,3) 时刻：下面表达中，后者更为常用 英国用法：7:00 seven oclock/ seven a.m. (p.m.) 8:15 a quarter past eight/ eight fifteen 9:45 a quarter to ten/ nine forty-five 4:30 half past four/ four thirty 美国用法中用after替代past 7:00 还可表示为seven hun

7、dred hours,By Hmily,College English Test,19,4) 加， 减， 乘，除 224 Two plus two equal (s) four. 10-3=7 Ten minus three is seven. 9x6=54 Nine times (multiplied by) six is fifty- four. 20/4=5 Twenty divided by four is five. 5) 电话号码： 每一个数字单个读出，不用十位数，0读作oh, (美国常读作zero, 或nought）。如果相同的数字成双出现，可读作double x. 842227

8、7 eight four two two two seven seven 8422277 eight four two double two double seven Ext 3147 Extension three one four seven,By Hmily,College English Test,20,小数 小数点前的数字按基数词读， 小数点后的数字则须一一读出 11.25 eleven point two five 3.728 three point seven two eight 0.56 zero point five six 123.009 a hundred and twe

9、nty-three point zero zero night 4. 百分数 百分号读作 per cent 5% five per cent 0.5% zero point five per cent 300% three hundred per cent,动词的16种时态小节,By Hmily,College English Test,22,时态概述 英语共有16种时态，其中基本时态为五种，分别是一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时，一般过去时和现在完成时。 英语的时态有三个时间的基本概念，即现在，过去和将来。同时，英语的时态有三个基本的“体”，分别是一般，进行和完成。英语的其他时态都是由以上

10、概念交织构成的。 首先，我们从英语的五种基本时态讲起。侧重三部分：,By Hmily,College English Test,23,A. 表示：,一般现在时（1）普遍真理（2）事物所处的一般状态 （3）经常习惯性的动作 Tom writes a letter at home every week. 现在进行时（1） 此刻正在进行的动作 （2）当前这一阶段正在进行的动作 Tom is writing a letter at home now. 一般将来时 表示将要发生的动作和情况 Tom will write a letter at home tomorrow. 一般过去时 过去某时发生的动作

11、和情况 Tom wrote a letter at home yesterday. 现在完成时 从过去某一时刻开始的动作到现在的结果 Tom has written a letter at home for an hour.,By Hmily,College English Test,24,B.形式: 一般现在时动词原形（第三人称单数） 助动词为do (does) Does Tom write a letter every day? 现在进行时be doing 助动词为be Is Tom writing a letter now? 一般将来时will/shall +动词原形 助动词为will/

12、shall Will Tom write a letter tomorrow? 一般过去时动词过去式 助动词为did Did Tom write a letter yesterday? 现在完成时-动词的过去分词 助动词为have (has) Has Tom written a letter for an hour?,By Hmily,College English Test,25,C.标志性时间状语 一般现在时：every ,often, usually, sometimes 现在进行时：now, at the moment, at present, Look, Listen 一般将来时：t

13、omorrow ,next , in+ 一段时间,soon, the day after tomorrow 一般过去时：yesterday ,last , 一段时间+ago, the day before yesterday 现在完成时: already, yet, ever, never, for+一段时间, since+时间点, just,By Hmily,College English Test,26,十六种时态列表以write为例,在16种时态中形式,By Hmily,College English Test,27,4.句型转换（否定及疑问句） Tom wrote a letter a

14、t home yesterday. 否定句：在系动词、情态动词、助动词之后加not Tom didnt write a letter at home yesterday. 一般疑问句：将系动词、情态动词、助动词提前 Did Tom write a letter at home yesterday? 特殊疑问句：1）对主语提问直接用特殊疑问词替换 Who wrote a letter at home yesterday? 2）一般特殊疑问词+一般疑问句，去掉被问部分 Where did Tom write a letter yesterday? 3）对谓语部分提问特殊疑问词+一般疑问句，并用的

15、相应形式替换被问部分 What did Tom do at home yesterday?,By Hmily,College English Test,28,5、特殊疑问词小结 （1）对主语提问：who,whose+名词,which+名词 （2）对时间状语提问：when（对泛泛的时间提问）, how long（对一段时间提问）,what time（具体几点） （3）其他：how（对方式提问）,how soon（多久）, how old（多大）,how often（频率提问）, where（地点） how many+可数名词（多少）,how much+不可数名词, why（对原因提问）,what

16、（对事物提问） 注意：He visited Beijing three or four times a month. 对three or four times a month提问How often did he visit Beijing? 对three or four times提问 How many times did he visit Beijing a month?,被动语态,By Hmily,College English Test,30,一、被动语态的概念： 当谓语表示一个动作时，主语和它可以有两种不同的关系，主动关系和被动关系： 表示主动关系时，主语是动作的执行者，称为主动语态

17、Tom opened the door. 表示被动关系时，主语是动作的承受者，谓语要用另一种形式，称为被动语态 The door was opened by Tom. 在被动结构中，动作执行者可以由介词by引起的短语表示,By Hmily,College English Test,31,二、形式 被动语态由助动词be加过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来：（完成进行时和将来进行时无被动语态） 1一般现在时：History is made by people. 2一般过去时：When was the building completed? 3一般将来时：We wont be invited. 4现

18、在/过去进行时：A new railway is being built. The roads were being widened. 5现在/过去完成时：The book has been translated. Costs had been greatly reduced.,By Hmily,College English Test,32,以write为例,在16种时态中形式,By Hmily,College English Test,33,以write为例，在时态中被动语态的形式,By Hmily,College English Test,34,三、被动语态的使用情况 1，不知道或没有必

19、要说出动作的执行者 Such books are written for children. 2，动作的承受者是谈话的中心 The song was written by a student. 3，出于礼貌措辞圆通等不愿说出动作执行者 You are required to sing a song.,By Hmily,College English Test,35,四、几种特殊的被动语态 1，不定式的被动语态 to be done These debts will have to be paid. 2，情态动词的被动语态 canmaymustshouldcouldmightwould be d

20、one He should be criticized for his carelessness. 3，句型 It+被动语态+that从句 It was said that he could speak English.,短语动词,By Hmily,College English Test,37,短语动词:由动词和介词或副词组成的固定结构. (1)由两部分组成的短语动词: 及物:及物的短语动词的前后两部分有的可以分开,一般是由动词与副词构成的;有的不可以分开,通常是由动词与介词构成的.不可分短语动词后面带宾语时,宾语必须置于短语动词之后. 例如: He looks after them ver

21、y well. 可分短语动词带宾语时,宾语若是名词则可放在两词之间,也可以放在短语动词之后. 例如:He brought up the children alone. He brought the children up alone. 但宾语是代词则必须紧跟动词之后. 例如: He brought them up alone.,By Hmily,College English Test,38,(2)由三部分组成的短语动词: 一般是及物不可分的,其宾语无论是名词还是代词必须跟在短语动词之后.例如: She takes care of the children on Tuesdays. She t

22、akes care of them on Tuesdays. I get on with Sally very well. I get on with he very well.,动词不定式和动名词,By Hmily,College English Test,40,动词不定式和动名词一、不定式1 、概念： 是动词的一种非限定形式，通常前面带有小品词to，有时也可不带to，可以和助动词，情态动词构成谓语。I will go to school tomorrow.I must go now.也可作主语，表语，状语，宾语，定语.To do this is to cut the foot to fit

23、 the shoe. I want to have a rest. Do you have anything to say? 有时可以构成复合结构，作复合宾语。He wants us to go together with him.,By Hmily,College English Test,41,2、 常见的形式如下（以及物动词do为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。 不定式的否定是在to的前面加not。,By Hmily,College English Test,42,3、用法： 1）不定式作宾语 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构：动词+不定式。 例如： afford,aim,agree,ar

24、range,ask,decide,bother,care, choose,demand,desire,determine,elect,hope,fail, help,learn,long,mean,manage,offer,plan,pretend, refuse,tend,undertake,expect,hate,intend 例如： The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。,By Hmily,College English Test,43,2）不定式作补语 有些动词+宾语+不定式 的结构。 例如： advi

25、se,allow,cause,challenge,command,drive, enable,encourage,forbid,force,induce,instruct, invite,like/love,order,permit,want,get,warn, persuade,request,send,tell 例如： Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。,By Hmily,College English Test,44,4、注意： 1）省去 to 的动词不定式 a） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。

26、 b）使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。 注意：被动语态中不能省去 to。 例如：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。 The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 c） would rather，had better 句型后 d） why not句型后 e） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth：,By Hmil

27、y,College English Test,45,2)动词不定式的否定式 在不定式标志 to 前加上 not 。 例如：Tell him not to shut the window. 让他别关窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。 典型例题: Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A warn sb t

28、o do sth. 的否定形式为 warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词 never.,By Hmily,College English Test,46,二、动名词 1、概念： 动名词式动词的另一种非限定形式，在句中起名词的作用。可作 主语 Working in these conditions is no easy job. 表语 My favourite sport is skating. 动词宾语 I suggest having a trip to Dalian. 介词宾语 Have you got used to living in the mountains

29、? 还可作定语式合成名词 singing competition opening speech swimming pool,By Hmily,College English Test,47,2、形式 一般 doing 完成 having done 3、主要用法： 作宾语,可以作suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, admit, enjoy, delay, practise, miss, advise, deny, excuse, go on, keep, keep on的宾语 I enjoy working with you. Have

30、you finished correcting the students papers?,By Hmily,College English Test,48,三、动名词与不定式 1、 动名词与不定式的区别： 动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2、有些动词如 continue 接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义基本相同。 3、有些动词如 forget 接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义大相径庭。,By Hmily,College English Test,49,4、特殊词精讲 1） stop doing/to do stop

31、 to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing停止做某事。 例如：They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。 I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。,By Hmily,College English Test,50,2） forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事，forget doing忘记做过某事。 例如：The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动

32、作） He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）,By Hmily,College English Test,51,3）remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事，remember doing记得做过某事。 例如：Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?,By Hmily,College English

33、Test,52,4 ）regret doing/to do regret to do对将要做的事遗憾， regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 例如：I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。 I dont regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。,By Hmily,College English Test,53,5）mean doing/to do mean to do 打算、想， mean doing意味着。 例如：I mean

34、 to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。,情态动词,By Hmily,College English Test,55,总述- 情态动词的语法特征,1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 2） 情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。 3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 4） 情态动词没有非谓语形

35、式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。,By Hmily,College English Test,56,比较can 和be able to,1）can/could 表示能力；可能 （过去时用could）, 只用于现在式和过去式（could）。be able to可以用于各种时态。 例如：They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。 2）只用be able to的情况： a. 位于助动词后。b. 情态动词后。c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。 d. 用于句首表示条件。e. 表示成功地做了某事时，用was/were able to，不能用

36、could。 例如：He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out. = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.他在战争爆发之前逃离欧洲。,By Hmily,College English Test,57,注意：could有时不表示时态,1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。 例如：- Could I have the television on? 我能看电视吗？ - Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 可以/不可以。 2）在否定句、疑

37、问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如： He couldnt be a bad man. 他不大可能是坏人。,By Hmily,College English Test,58,2. 比较may和might,表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。例如：May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！He might be at home. 他可能在家。 注意：might 表示推测时，不表示时态，只是可能性比may 小。典型例题：Peter _come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet. A. mustB. may C. ca

38、n D. will 答案B. 表可能性只能用may。此句意可从后半句推出。,By Hmily,College English Test,59,3. 比较have to和must,1）两词都是必须的意思，have to 表示客观的需要，must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。 例如：My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。（客观上需要做这件事） He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力

39、工作。（主观上要做这件事）,By Hmily,College English Test,60,2）have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。例如：He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨晚只得照顾他姐姐。 3） 否定结构中：dont have to表示“不必”，mustnt表示“禁止”。例如：You dont have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。You mustnt tell him about it. 你不得把这件事告诉他,By H

40、mily,College English Test,61,4. must表示推测,1） must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。 2） must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。例如： You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。 （对现在情况的推测判断）He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。比较：He must be staying there. 他现在肯定在那里。He must s

41、tay there. 他必须呆在那。,By Hmily,College English Test,62,3） must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。例如：I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。 4） must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。例如：-Why didnt you answer my phone call? 为何不接我的电话？-Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it.

42、唉，肯定在睡觉，所以没有听见。 5） 否定推测用cant。例如： If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。,By Hmily,College English Test,63,6. should 和ought to,两者可表示“想必一定，按理应该”的意思。 例如：I ought to be able to live on my salary. 靠我的薪水，想必也能维持了。It ought to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧。They should b

43、e there by now, I think. 现在他们该到那儿了。The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。,形容词与副词的比较级与最高级,By Hmily,College English Test,65,形容词与副词的区别,从翻译方面看：形容词译成“的” 副词译成“地” 从用法方面看：形容词用来修饰名词 副词用来修饰动词 如：激动的话语（“激动的”为形容词） 激动地抱住他（“激动地”为副词）,By Hmily,College English Test,66,比较级与最高级的含义,1、比较级经常用于两者之间的比

44、较 句子的一般结构是：含有形容词比较级的主句+由than引导的从句。 Eg:Its hotter in Spain than its in Greece. 从句中常省略与主语相同的部分 Its hotter in Spain than in Greece. 2、最高级用于三者或三者以上在一定范围内的比较。最高级前加定冠词the eg:He is the best student in our class.,By Hmily,College English Test,67,形容词比较级和最高级的构成 单音节词：一般：-er,-est eg.taller,tallest 以不发音的e结尾，去e,-

45、er,-est, e g.finer,finest 重读闭音节以辅音字母结尾，双写结尾辅音字母， -er,-est eg.bigger,biggest 辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i,-er,-est eg.happier,happiest 双音节词：少数以“er,ow,le”结尾的双音节词,-er,-est Eg.cleverer,cleverest 其他：在词前加more,most eg.more interesting most interesting,By Hmily,College English Test,68,副词的比较级和最高级 一般：在前面加more,most 特殊：hard-h

46、arder, hardest, fast-faster,fastest well-better,best, badly-worse,worst little-less,least , much-more,most early-earlier,earliest 特殊的形容词的比较级和最高级 well,good-better,best, bad,ill-worse,worst many,much-more,most little-less,least old-older,oldest(elder,eldest) far-farther,farthest further,furthest,By Hm

47、ily,College English Test,69,其他 1、同级比较：as.as表示两者相等 e.g.: Tom is as tall as Mary. 否定：not as(so).as表示两者不相等 e.g.: The old cant run so(as) fast as the young 2、比较级的修饰语：much,a lot ,a bit, far,even,a little e.g.: The crops are growing much better than last year and get a lot more food. e.g.: Shes a bit tall

48、 than her sister. e.g.: Tom did the job far better than Mary.,By Hmily,College English Test,70,特殊句型 1、the+比较级，the+（另一词的）比较级 译为：越越 e.g. : the more the better 越多越好 2、比较级+and+（同一词的）比较级 译为：越来越 e.g.: more and more 越来越多 better and better 越来越好,直接引语与间接引语,By Hmily,College English Test,72,一、概念：当我们引用别人的话时，我们可以

49、用别人的原话，也可以用自己的话把别人的意思转述出来，如果是引用原话，被引用的部分就称为直接引语（Direct Speech），否则称为间接引语（Indirect Speech） 直接引语：Lao Yang said, “Im not free.” 间接引语：Lao Yang said he wasnt free. 直接引语通常都用引号括起来，间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。,By Hmily,College English Test,73,1、引用陈述句： 1）引语开头用连词that 2）根据意思改变人称 3）时态要进行相应变化，即 一般现在时变为一般过去时 现在进行时变为过去进行时

50、一般将来时变为过去将来时 现在完成时变为过去完成时 一般过去时变为过去完成时，等 Henry said to him:“ I came to return you the book.” Henry said that he had gone to return him the book.,By Hmily,College English Test,74,4)词语的变化 指示代词 this these 变为 that those 地点 here there 动词 come go 时间 now then today that day this week,etc. that week,etc. ye

51、sterday the day before last week,etc the week,etc before two days ago two days before tomorrow the next(following) day next week,etc the next(following) week,By Hmily,College English Test,75,2、引用疑问句 在引用一个疑问句时，除了注意人称、状语等的变更和时态的一致以外，还要注意把引语中的语序变为陈述句的语序，也就是说要把主语放在谓语的前面： The secretary asked,”Whats your

52、occupation?” The secretary asked what my occupation was. 在这种引语前连词that是永远也不能用的。如果引的是个一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句，连词要用if或whether He asked,”Are you a teacher or a student?” He asked if I was a teacher or a student.,By Hmily,College English Test,76,3、引用祈使句 在引述一个祈使句时，我们通常用一个简单句，这 个命令或请求由一个复合宾语表示出来： He said, “Dont

53、do that again.” He told me not to do that again. 4、惊叹句以间接引语的形式表现出来较少： “What a lovely garden.” He remarked with admiration that it was such a lovely garden. 5、在引用间接引语时，我们不一定都用 say, tell, ask这几个动词；只要意思上允许我们尽 可能用别的动词, admit, agree, wonder, promise, declare, etc,名词性从句,By Hmily,College English Test,78,一，

54、 引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词： that, whether ,if （不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which 连接副词：when, where, how, why等,By Hmily,College English Test,79,二，名词性that-从句 1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。例如：主语：That he is still alive is sheer lu

55、ck. 他还活着全靠运气。宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。,By Hmily,College English Test,80,2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末(其他主语丛句也有这个特点）。例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，

56、整个计划注定要失败。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。,By Hmily,College English Test,81,三，名词性wh-从句 1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。 例如：主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。,By Hmily,College English Test,82,四，if, whether引导的名词