托福阅读十大题型.ppt

1、TOEFL READING Final十大题型解题方法,认识托福阅读考什么？,托福阅读考试简介,四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。 文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。 除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。,认识托福阅读怎么考？,词汇 句子理解 句间关系 文章结构 托福阅读是以句子为核心的考试 (单词+句法),词汇题 指代题 事实信息题（细节题） 否定事实信息题（选非题） 句子简化题 推断题 修辞目的题（作者意图题） 句子插入题 文章小结题 / 图表题,

2、考查重点,十大题型,词汇题,出题方式 The word“X” in the passage is closest in meaning to 考查关键 理解单词在语境中的含义 词汇量要求 8000+ 背单词！ 词汇题做法,背单词！,不会背 背了忘，忘了背，循环往复 在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它,词根词缀 各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子） 一次大量，多次重复 词以类记 美剧、电影情景记忆,Paleontologist Paleontology,Skeleton Skull Fossil fossilize Strata,Dinosaur Trilobite Arthropod Juras

3、sic Cretaceous Cambrian,Sediment Spine Invertebrate Cold-blooded Warm-blooded ,Pottery Porcelain Ceramics Pot Ware Vessel Sculpture Surface Glaze Pigment Ore Kiln,词汇题解题技巧,认识 直接选 + 带回文章确认 选不出通过词义褒贬色彩判断 + 带回文章确认 不认识 词根词缀 回文章找同、反义对应,认识褒义色彩,TPO 1-2-1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in m

4、eaning to changed debated created supported,认识褒义色彩,TPO 1-2-1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in meaning to changed debated created supported,认识贬义色彩,TPO 3-3-10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is common,认识贬义

5、色彩,TPO 3-3-10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is common,词根词缀,TPO 1-1-7. The word “overlie” in the passage is closest in meaning to cover change separate surround,词根词缀,TPO 1-1-7. The word “overlie” in the passage is closest

6、 in meaning to cover change separate surround over 在上面 lie 躺着 覆盖,同义概念,TPO 3-3-1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to natural final specific complex and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.,同义概念,TPO 3-3-1. The word “particular” in the passa

7、ge is closest in meaning to natural final specific complex and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.,反义概念,TPO 6-3-2. The word “plausible” in the passage is closest in meaning to flexible believable debatable predictable Another seemingly plausible explanationthat in

8、fants do not form enduring memories at this point in developmentalso is incorrect.,反义概念,TPO 6-3-2. The word “plausible” in the passage is closest in meaning to flexible believable debatable predictable Another seemingly plausible explanationthat infants do not form enduring memories at this point in

9、 developmentalso is incorrect.,指代题,出题方式 The word “X”in the passage refers to 考查关键 单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握） 应对技巧 往前找，两个一致 数量单、复数 性质动作发出者的特性,非代词,TPO 1-1-5. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to fast rivers glaciers the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting the pa

10、rticles carried in water from melting glaciers The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that deposited - particlessand grains and tiny pebbles,非代词,TPO 1-1-5. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to fast rivers glaciers the huge volumes of wat

11、er created by glacial melting the particles carried in water from melting glaciers - The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash - particlessand grains and tiny pebbles,代词,TPO 1-2-5. The word “this” in the passage refers to the acting out of rites the divorce

12、of ritual performers from the rest of society the separation of myths from rites the celebration of supernatural forces But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. Wh

13、en this occurs,代词,TPO 1-2-5. The word “this” in the passage refers to the acting out of rites the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society the separation of myths from rites the celebration of supernatural forces But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of

14、the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs,细节题,出题方式 According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X? The authors description of X mentions which of the following? According to the paragraph, X occurs becaus

15、e According to the paragraph, X did Y because According to the paragraph, why did X do Y? 变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题 True，原因，关系,细节题,考查关键 迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息 准确判断选项对信息的转化 常见错误选项特征 无中生有 信息杂糅 直接相反 答非所问,做题技巧 准确理解题干 根据题干中的关键词定位原文 读取原文相关信息（通常1-2句话） 判断选项正误 题干 原文 选项,Example 1.,TPO 3-3-6. According to parag

16、raph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities? They are more resilient than pioneer communities. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances. They are the most resilient communities becaus

17、e they change the least over time.,Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the mos

18、t stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities

19、would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.,Example 1. 定位 CC,Example 1. 读懂原文,In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least sta

20、ble,Example 1. 选出答案,They are more resilient than pioneer communities. （信息杂糅） They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.（直接相反） They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over

21、time.（直接相反）,Example 2.,TPO 8-2-1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate? Summers were very warm and winters were very cold. Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes. The climate was very similar to todays climate. The climat

22、e did not change dramatically from season to season.,Example 2. 定位 LC climate,Paragraph 1: Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectoni

23、cs. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceou

24、s climate was milder than todays. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.,Example 2. 读懂原文,the Late Cretaceous

25、 climate was milder than todays milder 更温和,Example 2. 选出答案,Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.（直接相反） Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes. （答非所问） The climate was very similar to todays climate.（信息杂糅） The climate did not change dramatically from season to

26、season. did not change dramatically = milder,定位 also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.,Example 2. 原文分析,Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, re

27、d alder, and other arboreal fodder. 推不出上下文往前看 Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. 冬天低地有植物+鹿从高地到低地 冬天高地没吃的,Example 2. 对应选项,TPO4-1-2. It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions cause some deer to hibernate m

28、ake food unavailable in the highlands for deer make it easier for deer to locate understory plants prevent deer from migrating during the winter,修辞目的题,出题方式 例子类 The author discusses X in order to Why does the author mention X? The author uses X as an example of 段落类 What is the purpose of paragraph X?

29、 How is paragraph X related to other parts of the passage? 考查作者意图,例子类出题套路,问“作者为什么说某事” 把作者说的“某事”通通理解为例子 找观点 根据题干定位回出题点 观点所在位置的五种情况： 1.观点直接在前半句或者前一句； 2.例子的前一句不是观点，只是描述性fact或explanation，那么观点很可能是段首句； 3.如果例子的后一句话以代词、或者表示结果的连接词如therefore，thus，so，consequently开头，或者例子之后有冒号，那么观点很可能是后一句； 4.并列例子，例子的前一句是另外一个例子，那

30、么观点在段首，或者前一个例子之前；TPO12-1-9 5.相反观点的举例，段落中出现两个相反的观点，例子用来支持后一个观点，那么在选项中很可能表现为第一个观点的反例（counterexample/alternative） TPO23-3-40 先读懂观点，然后看例子是如何证明观点，对应选项,段落类出题套路,段落类题目考查对段落主旨、段落结构及段间关系的理解 五种类型： 1. 段落目的，一般直接看段首主旨句，并通过抓每句主干的方式快速浏览段落 TPO12-1-12 2. 段落结构(organization of the paragraph)，一般用抓主干读句子的方法浏览，通常为观点对比或例子支持

31、观点的结构 3.具体某两段关系：两段衔接处，前一段段末和后一段段首 4.某一段和整个文章其他段落的关系：首先弄清楚该段大意，再看它之前和之后那两段的段首 5. 文章整体结构(organization of the passage)，只可能在倒数第三题出现，前面题目已经做完，对文章结构应该有印象，直接选即可；如果印象不清楚，可以通过看段首句的方式理清段落间关系,Example 7. 后半句例子,TPO 8-3-5. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow thr

32、ough the Amazon river per second? To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars outflow channels To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars outflow channels were formed To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough

33、 to cause tear-shaped “islands” to form To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains,Example 7. 例子证明观点,Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormousperhaps as much as a hundred times greater

34、 than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river.,Example 7. 对应选项,TPO 8-3-5. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon river per second? To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed throug

35、h Mars outflow channels To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars outflow channels were formed To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped “islands” to form To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape

36、the northern volcanic plains,Example 8. 独立的例子,TPO4-1-5. The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points? The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget

37、Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game. There was more gamefor hunting in the East ofthe United States than inthe West. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.,Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry

38、 of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia R

39、iver on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game m

40、oved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudsons Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas,

41、 Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states: The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the f

42、ort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.,Example 8. 对应选项,TPO4-1-5. The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points? The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over ti

43、me. （varied fluctuated） Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game. There was more gamefor hunting in the East ofthe United States than inthe West. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.,思考,托福

44、阅读文章的行文特点/段落结构,思考,托福阅读文章的行文特点 如果答案是例子信息，通常不选,Example 9. 段落目的,TPO 9-1-7. The authors purpose in paragraph 4 is to indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesis indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneously explain w

45、hy humans may have reached Americas northwest coast before animals and plants did show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State,Paragraph 4: More recent geologic studies do

46、cumented de-glaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. O

47、ne study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been de-glaciated beginning around 16,000 years ag

48、o, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.,Example 9. 对应选项,TPO 9-1-7. The authors purpose in paragraph 4 is to indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothe

49、sis indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneously explain why humans may have reached Americas northwest coast before animals and plants did show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like

50、 modern British Columbia and Washington State,Example 10. 段落关系,TPO 5-3-6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraph 2 and paragraph 3? Paragraph 2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in paragraph 3. Paragraph 2 poses several questions, and

51、paragraph 3 offers a possible answer to one of them. Paragraph 2 presents outdated traditional views, while paragraph 3 presents the current scientific conclusions. Paragraph 2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in paragraph 3.,Paragraph 2: Scientists have asked imp

52、ortant questions about this explosion for more than a century. Why did it occur so late in the history of Earth? The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself. Why does the fossil record not document the series of evolutionary changes

53、during the evolution of animals? Why did animal life evolve so quickly? Paleontologists continue to search the fossil record for answers to these questions. Paragraph 3: One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that early animals were soft

54、bodied and simply did not fossilize. Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur. Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages dec

55、omposition. In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animals have been known for many years.,Example 10. 对应选项,TPO 5-3-6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraph 2 and paragraph 3? Paragraph 2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in para

56、graph 3. Paragraph 2 poses several questions, and paragraph 3 offers a possible answer to one of them. Paragraph 2 presents outdated traditional views, while paragraph 3 presents the current scientific conclusions. Paragraph 2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in p

57、aragraph 3.,句子插入题,出题方式,句子插入题,考查关键 句子之间的衔接，段落结构 做题原则 插入句子与上下文衔接紧密 同时不破坏原文已有的衔接 概括信息插入具体信息之前,句子插入题,应对技巧 读懂待插入句，划分句意 找待插入句子关键词： 代词，逻辑词，句子主要信息 找关键词在原文中的对应点，通常前半部分句意与前文衔接，后半部分句意与后文衔接,Example 1.,TPO 4-1-13 Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deers diet. Where th

58、e forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensati

59、on for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder. Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in