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1、TopicsTPO 10-Variations in the Climate TPO 18 - LightningTPO 21-Geothermal(地热) energyTPO 23-Urban ClimatesLightning Lightning A brilliant flash of light produced by an electrical discharge from a storm cloud Electrical discharge 放电 Electrical discharge Take place when the attractive tension( 强 度 ) b

2、etween a region of negatively charged particles and a region of positively charged particles becomes so great that the charged particles suddenly rush together The coming together of the oppositely charged particles Neutralize(中和的) the electrical tension and release a tremendous amount of energy lig

3、htning The separation of positively and negatively charged particles Take place during the development of the storm cloud A sandwich-like structure At the top and at thebottom of the cloud Concentrations of positively charged particles The middle region Negatively charged Measurements made in the fi

4、eld(实地) together with laboratory simulations(模拟) A promising explanationSmall pellets(小球) of ice form in the cold upper regions of the cloudWhen those ice pellets fall, some of them strike much smaller ice crystals in the center of the cloud.The temperature at the center of the cloud - -15 or lowerT

5、he collision between the ice pellets and the ice crystals causes electrical charges to shiftThe ice pellets acquire a negative charge The ice crystals become positively charged 在云层上方形成冰球，冰球向下掉，和冰晶摩擦，在 云层中间-15摄氏度的温度下，冰球带负电，冰晶带正电，又由于地球上往上吹的风，将冰晶吹到云层上方， 所以云层上方为正电区域，中层为负电。冰球向下掉， 和冰晶产生摩擦，但温度高于-15度，冰球带正电，

6、形成正电区域。 地上带正电，地上的点会通过途径传到上方，当云层越积越厚，距离进入100米时，产生闪电，通常会劈在最高点 Updraft wind currents Carry the light, positively charged ice crystals up to the top of the cloud The heavier negatively charged ice pellets are left to concentrate in the center The negatively charged regionLargeSeveral hundred meters thic

7、k Several kilometers in diameterBelow this large, cold, negatively charged regionThe cloud is warmer than -15At these temperatures, collisions between ice crystals and falling ice pellets produce positively charged ice pellets that them populate a small region at the base of the cloud LightningTake

8、place within a cloud when the charge separation within the cloudcollapsesStorm cloud The ground beneath the cloud becomes positively charged Lightning can take place in the form of an electrical discharge between the negative charge of the cloud and the positively charged ground Two steps to the occ

9、urrence of lightning from a cloud to the groundA channel, or path, is formed that connects the cloud and the groundA strong current of electrons follow that path from the cloud to the ground It is that current that illuminates the channel as the lightning we see. The formation of the channelElectron

10、s surge from the cloud base toward the groundA stream of negatively charged electrons Within 100 meters of the groundMet by a stream of positively charged particles that comes up from the ground. The channelA few centimeters in diameterWide enough for electrons to follow the channel to the ground in

11、 the visible form of a flash of lightningA tall pointed structure such as a metal flagpole or a towerGeothermal Energy Earths internal beatFueled by radioactivity(辐射)Provide the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakesCan be harnessed(驾驭) to drive electric

12、 generators(发电机) and heat homes. Underground heat is transferred by water Heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks(a heat reservoir) The waterUsually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures(断裂) in therockArtificially(人工的) introduced by being pumped down fr

13、om the surfaceThe water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose. The most abundant form of geothermal energy Occur at therelatively low temperatures of 80 to 180 centigrade Warm residential, commercial, and industrial spacesMid-Atlantic RidgeReykjavik,

14、the capital of IcelandEntirely heated by geothermal energy derived(取自于) from volcanic heat Above 180 centigradeUseful of generating electricityIn regions of recent volcanic activityHot, dry rock, natural hot water, or natural steam Surface water seeps down through underground faults(断层) or fractures

15、 to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. Environmental problemsThe surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is with drawn withoutbeing replacedWater heated geothermally can contain c=salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rockPresent a disposal p

16、roblem水在流入热的岩石中时将融化一些岩石中含有的一些 Contribution Not renewable的物质。所以需要处理。 Slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir(蓄热层) Economics of production The resource is close the user The economics are favorable Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale cont

17、ributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century 对于地球的能源预算来说二十一世纪地球的能量预算过程中不可能有大贡献。 下一页开始是补充内容Animal Records The largest animalThe blue whale蓝鲸Minke whale 小须鲸Sperm whale 抹香鲸Northern right whales北露脊鲸Tiger whale 虎鲸The longest wingspan Albatross 信天翁，承重的负担，阻碍 This seabirds w

18、ings can measure more than three and half metersfrom tip to tip The wingspan of an albatross is about the same length as a small sailboatThe fastest Peregrine falcon 游隼 It can fly as fast as 320 kilometers an hour when it divesThe slowest Sloth树獭，懒惰He has kept sloth outThis animal is slow because it

19、 has long, curved claws that keep it from waking on its feetThe strongest Rhinoceros beetle Rhinoceros 犀牛 Rhinoceros beetle独角仙A rhinoceros beetle can lift things that weigh 100 times as much as it doesImagine carrying 100 of your friends. Thats what the rhinoceros beetle can do.Temperate forests aro

20、und the world Temperate forest 温带林 Temperate forests levels CanopyThe tallest trees from a canopyUnderstoryYounger trees and smaller trees grow here Shrub layer Shrubs and small trees grow ere. Herb layer Grasses and ferns grow here Forest floor Leaves and needles fall here. A temperate forest makes

21、 a good habitat for all kinds of animals. A group of animals and plants that lives like this is called a community. Community群落Habitat Shelter Shelter raccoons live in hollow trees 浣熊,浣熊的毛皮 Raccoon-like omnivorous mammal of Mexico and the southwestern united states having a long bushy tail with blac

22、k and white rings 墨西哥和美国西南部形似浣熊的杂食性哺乳动物，长而多毛的尾巴上有黑色和白色的环门:Phyla (Phylum)纲:Classes目: order sub-order科:family 属 :genus 种:species Invertebrate无脊椎动物 Vertebrate 脊椎动物 按食性分： Herbivorous草食动物 Carnivorous肉食动物 Omnivorous杂食动物按捕食关系:食者PreyPredator 捕食者按婚姻状况分:Monogamous 一夫一妻Polygamous 一夫多妻Polyandrous 多夫一妻考过的经典动物 Bi

23、rds Primate Mammal Plankton 浮游生物 Homotherm 恒温动物 Poikilotherm 冷血动物 Beaver 海獭 Sloth 树獭 Sea cucumber 海参 Chameleon spider 变色龙 OmnivorousOmni-全部，总，遍China has been active in developing an Omni-directional and multi-level form of military diplomacy中国积极开展全访问、多层次的军事外交VorEat VoraciousAdj. 狼吞虎咽的，贪婪的Shes a vora

24、cious reader of all kinds love stories什么样的爱情故事她都百看不厌。 Adaptation Physical and behaviorable Webbed feet help frogs move in water. Skunks spray a bad smell to scare off enemiesN.臭鼬，讨厌鬼V.使惨败，欺骗Exclusiveness is a characteristic of recent riches, high society, and the skunk.排他主义，是近来的有钱人家、上流阶级以及臭鼬等的特色 Int

25、ertidal zone 潮间带 Neritic zone 浅海带 Neritic adj. 浅海带 Oceanic zone 大洋带 Continental shelf 大陆架 Photic zone 透光层 Pelagic zone 浮游带，远洋带 Pelagic adj.远洋的 Aphotic zone 无光带 Benthic zone 水底带 Abyssal zone 深海带Twilight zone(半透光层)some sun shines here, but the water is much colder. No plants grow here Sunlit zone(透光层) Sun shines through the water in the sunlit zone. Most animals live here. 透光层