中西文化交流史论

中西文化交流史论是何兆武先生的著作，主要讲述了明清之际中西文化的交流， 天主教传入中国和它与中国传统文化的碰撞冲突；从多方面讲述了明清之际的西学东来做 出实事求是的评价；讲述了清代前期，西学在中国的发展和中国传统文化对西方世界的影 响；讲述了在旧制度前期，法国发现中国文化的历程，以及中国传统文化对法国文化的影 响；等等。 清代前期，西学在中国的传播可谓一波三折，受到多方挑战。相较于印度佛教在中国 顺利的开枝散叶，西方在中国的传教事业则显得步履维艰。传教事业的范围相当狭小，最 初，由利玛窦奠定的耶稣会传教事业仅局限于宫廷内部，且受到诸多顽固势力的抵制，迫 害传教士的教案层出不穷。在杨光先案中，监正杨光先甚至歇斯底里的提出“宁可使中原 无好历法，不可使中夏有西洋人”。这是当时不少顽固士人对西学的态度。面对自身利益 受到威胁的状况，以及骨子里的狂妄自大，他们将是非观念弃之一旁，对西学的先进与否 置若罔闻。虽然这些执迷不悟的做法减缓了西学在中国传播的速度，甚至西学的传入曾一 度中断，但是西学在中国仍然充满了生机，促进了中国近代化的进程。 相较于部分冥顽不灵的士人对西学的极端否定态度，清代初期，一部分开明人士对西 学的态度则显得公正理智。他们没有顽固势力的夜郎自大，而是抱着“欲求超胜，必先会 通”的态度，学习西方先进文化。他们学贯中西，在研究西学的基础上，对中国传统文化 进行改进和完善。虽然西方传教士带来的文化知识带有封建神学色彩，一度使中国学者对 西方某些文化领域百思不解，莫知所从，但是，中国学者仍然凭着超人的毅力和决心，苦 心研究西方文化。最终，皇天不负有心人，他们取得了辉煌的成绩，研究出一项项振奋人 心的科研成果，创制出一部部影响深远的著作，促进了中国的觉醒和近代化进程。 当然，文化只有历经磨难，才能确定其是否能与时俱进，源远流长。优秀的文化经得 起优胜劣汰的考验，正如华夏文明流过五千年的长河，经过岁月的沉浸，依然讫立于东方 之巅，享誉世界 “Cultural exchange history between China and the West“ was wrote by Mr. He Zhaowu, mainly about interpersonal exchanges Chinese Ming and Qing Dynasty and Western cultures, conflicts and collisions Catholicism China and the traditional culture, Its many ways tell the story of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Western East to make a realistic evaluation; the early Qing Dynasty, the Western influence in the development of China and Chinese traditional culture of the Western world; tell the story of the old regime in the early stage of the French cultural history found in China, and Chinese traditional culture of French culture effects; etc. . The early Qing Dynasty, Spread of Western sciences was full of twists and turns or ups and downs, subjected to multiple challenges in China. Compared to the Indian Buddhist smooth flourishing in China, the West s missionary work in China it contrasts very difficult. Fairly narrow range of missionary work, initially laid by the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci confined inside the palace, and stubbornly resisted many forces, lesson plans that persecuted many missionaries were endless. In the first case Yang Guang, Yang Guang prison before being made even hysterical “ rather make Zhongyuan not a good calendar, Westerners can not make in the summer there.“ This was a typical Attitude Toward Western scholars by some stubborn persons. Faced with the situation of their own profits are threatened and their arrogance in the bones of hubris, They abandoned the idea of right and wrong side of dealing with things, instead it of turning a deaf ear to the Western advanced. Although these wrong practices made the speed of the spread of Western learning slow in China, even the incoming Western had been interrupted, Western in China is still full of life, and promote China s modernization process. Compared to the portion of ineffective Western scholars, they had negative attitudes to Western extremely. The early Qing Dynasty, open-minded attitude towards the Western part of the reason it appears fair. They did not have stubborn forces, but had the “desire magnus, we must first will pass “ attitude to learn advanced Western cultures. They learned Western in basic research on Chinese traditional cultures in order to improve and make it perfect. Although the cultural knowledge of Western missionaries brought with feudalistic and theological means, once the Chinese scholars are puzzled to some areas of Western cultures knew a little about, Chinese scholars are still with superhuman perseverance and determination, painstaking study of Western culture. Eventually, heaven pays off, they received many brilliant achievements that developed all kinds of scientific research achievements, created out of a portion of far-reaching writings, the most important aspect, promoted the awakening and the modernization process in China. Of course, only culture received tribulations, in order to determine whether it can with the times and have a long history. Outstanding cultures withstand the test of survival of the fittest, as five thousand years of the Chinese civilization flowing river, after years of immersion, still stand on the top of the east, world-renowned. 文化差异的认知影响 任何一个民族、一个国家都有其独特的文化环境和文化特质，文 化是一个国家历史发展的见证和积淀，是一个国家政治经济的反映， 同时，文化作为一种复杂的心理现象，是人类认知活动的产物，反过 来又会影响着认知的发展。不可否认，不同文化背景下的民族和国家 在各种心理活动中都会表现出不同。 首先,在知觉过程中，包括视知觉、时间知觉和痛觉等方面存在 不同，Segall、Campbell 等人对此做了系统研究，通过比较 3 组来自 工业化地区和 14 组非工业化地区的人在 Mueller-Lyer 错觉与垂直- 水平错觉上的表现，他们发现前者受 Mueller-Lyer 错觉影响更大， 而后者则更容易出现垂直-水平错觉。 在 Masuda 与 Nisbettb 关于变化盲的跨文化研究中，美国被试 对于前景客体变化的知觉成绩要好于对背景变化的知觉；而亚洲被试 对于背景的变化更为敏感一些，这也可能是由于亚洲是一个集体主义 的地区，其观察事物时关注的是整体而不是单独的一个物体。在痛觉 方面，有研究表明，2 个月大的中国婴儿对疼痛的反应（如面部表情、 哭泣反应等指标）表现得就会比同龄的加拿大儿童更为强烈。 同时，在面孔识别中也会出现文化差异，在日常生活中，人们往 往会有这样一种印象：本族人的面孔容易区分和识别，而外族人看起 来长得都差不多，因而很难区分开来。这便是文化背景影响人类面孔 识别的一个突出表现 所谓的异族效应，指的是人们对于本族人面 孔的识别和记忆成绩要好于对外族人面孔的识别和记忆。关于异族效 应的解释存在着两种不同的理论假说。一种理论认为，与本族及异族 人接触经验的多少是造成异族效应的关键，但这方面的研究结论并不 一致。另一种理论则强调本族面孔与异族面孔在编码上存在着差异， 从而导致了异族效应。 在记忆方面，不同的文化背景下也会有记忆的差异。由于没有文 字可供记录和储存信息，非文明社会的人往往可以发展出更强的记忆 能力。即使是在以大学生为被试的实验研究中，也发现有记忆能力的 文化差异。例如，Ross 与 Millson 比较了美国与加纳大学生记忆口语 诵读的故事的能力，结果发现加纳学生的记忆成绩显着好于美国学生。 当然也会有例外，对于不同的记忆材料，可能存在的差异不同。 文化作为我们日常生活中不可忽略的一部分，是我们在任何情况 下都要考虑的因素，当然，不能仅仅从表面对文化进行分析，而应该 深入文化的内部去剖析，解析出具体的变量，然后对文化差异背后的 因果关系做深入研究。 Any one nation, one country has its unique cultural environment and cultural characteristics, A culture is a testimony of the historical development of the country and heritage, is a reflection of the countrys political economy, while the culture as a complex psychological phenomenon of human recognition product knowledge activities, which in turn affects cognitive development. Admittedly, nations and countries with different cultural backgrounds in a variety of mental activities will exhibit different. First, in the perception of the process, including visual perception, there is a time of pain and other aspects of perception and different, Segall, Campbell, who has done a systematic study, by comparing three groups of people from industrialized regions and 14 groups of non-industrialized regions in Mueller- Lyer illusion and vertical - horizontal illusion on performance, they found that the former by Mueller- Lyer illusion greater impact, while the latter is more prone to vertical - horizontal illusion. Masuda and Nisbettb in cross-cultural research on change blindness in the United States were tested for changes in the perception of the object prospects are better than the results of the background changing perception; while Asian subjects are more sensitive to changes in the background for some, this may also be due to Asia the area is a collectivist, when looking at things which concern the whole rather than the individual is an object. In pain, studies show that the two -month-old Chinese baby reaction to pain ( such as facial expressions, crying reactions and other indicators ) will behave more strongly than their peers in Canadian children. Meanwhile, there will be cultural differences in face recognition, in everyday life, people often have such an impression: the tribes easy to distinguish and identify faces, and looks almost seem Gentiles, making it difficult to distinguish come. This is the cultural background of the impact of human face recognition, a prominent manifestation - the so-called alien effect, refers to people face recognition for the tribe and the tribe memory performance better than the external face recognition and memory. Explanation of the effects of alien existence of two different hypothesis. One theory is that, in contact with the family and experience is the key cause many alien race effect, but aspects of the research findings are not consistent. Another theory emphasizes the family face with alien faces there are differences in the coding , resulting in a race effect . In terms of memory, there are also differences in the memory of different cultural backgrounds. Since there is no text available for recording and storage