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孔子 孔子 (Confucius) 是我国古代著名的思想家、教育家，儒家学派 (Confucian School) 的创始人。相传孔子有弟子三千，贤弟子 72 人，孔子曾带领部分弟子周游列国 14 年。在 中国五千年的历史上，对华夏民族的性格、气质 (temperament) 产生最大影响的人就算是 孔子了。他正直、乐观向上、积极进取。他一生都在追求真、善、美，一生都在追求理想 的社会。他品格中的优点，几千年来影响着中国人，特别是影响着中国的知识分子。 Confucius Confucius is a famous ideologist, educator, and the founder of Confucian School in ancient China. Its said he has 3,000 disciples, 72 out of whom are excellent ones, and he has led some disciples to visit various states for 14 years. During 5,000 years history of China, its Confucius who has exerted the greatest impact on Chinese nations characteristic and temperament. He is upright, optimistic, active and enterprising, striving for truthfulness, kindness and beauty, and seeking for an ideal society all his life. The shining points in his characteristics have been influencing the Chinese people, especially the Chinese intellectuals for thousands of years. 中国人和红色 中国人很喜欢红色， 甚至称自己为“赤子”。红色在汇总过象征着权力和喜庆。很多 朝代的官服是红色的;在清代，官帽上深浅不同的红色代表了不同的官位。公文的标题通常 也用红色，这就是它们被称为“红头文件(red-head documents)”的原因。另外，用于婚 礼的双喜字是红色的。春节期间，老人们也会给小孩子们发红包，当做新年的礼物和祝福。 Chinese and the Color of Red We Chinese like the color of red, and even we call ourselves as Chizi, which means a patriot. In China, red represents the power and happiness. Official robes of many dynasties were red. In the Qing Dynasty, different shades of red on the official caps showed different rankings. Headlines of official documents are often printed in red. For that reason, its called “red-head documents”. In addition, the Chinese character signifying double happiness used for weddings is red. During the Spring Festival, elder people will give Hongbao (or red pacekt)to the children as gifts and wishes for the new year. 年画 年画 (New Year picture) 是最受中国家庭欢迎的民间手工艺术形式之一。年画一般 在春节时张贴。因年画在新的一年到来后才会被换，故称“年画”。年画是中国民间美术 中较大的一个艺术门类，它始于古代的“门神画 (door-god picture)”，据说贴在家门上 可以辟邪。同时，年画还可以美化居家环境，增添节日的喜庆气氛，为家人带来幸福和欢 乐，表达了民众向往美好生活的愿望。 New Year Picture The New Year pictures are one of the most popular folk handcraft arts among Chinese families. Generally, theyre posted during the Spring Festival. Because they will be replaced after another New Years arrival, hence their name is New Year pictures. The New Year picture in China is a large category of folk art, originating from the door-god picture, which is believed to exorcise evil spirits when posted on the door of a house. At the same time, the pictures can beautify peoples homes, enhance the festive atmosphere and bring happiness and joy to the family, and express their hopes for a better life. 算盘 算盘 (abacus) 是一种手动操作计算辅助工具形式。它起源于中国，迄今已有 2600 多 年的历史，是中国古代的一项重要发明。在阿拉伯数字 (Arabic numerals)出现前，算盘 是世界广为使用的计算工具。现在，算盘在亚洲和中东的部分地区继续使用，尤其见于商 店之中，可以从供应中国商品和日本商品的商店里买到。在西方，它有时候被用来帮助小 孩子们理解数字，而一些数学家喜欢体验一下使用算盘计算出简单算术 (arithmetical)问 题的感觉。 Abacus An abacus is a form of manually operated counting aid. It has originated in China over 2600 years ago. It is one of the most important inventions of ancient China. The abacus used to be the most widely used calculation tool before the appearance of Arabic numerals. At present, abacuses continue to be used in part of Asia and the Middle East, especially in the shops, and they are available in stores which stock Chinese or Japanese goods. In the west, it is sometimes used to help young children grasp numbers, and some mathematicians enjoy experimenting with the abacus to work out simple arithmetical problems. 每一个人都有这样一个银行账户，它的名字叫时间。每天早上时间银行总会为你 在账户里自动存入 86,400 秒； 一到晚上， 她也会自动地把你当日的光阴全数注销， 没 有分秒可以结转到明天， 你也不能提前预支片刻。 如果你没能适当使用这些时间存款， 损失掉的只有你自己来承担。 没有回头重来，也不能预提明天， 你必须根据你所拥有的 这些时间存款而活在现在。把时间投资于最大限度地得到健康、幸福和成功方面！时间在 不停地奔跑，充分利用今天吧！ Each of us has a bank account, whose title is “TIME”. Every morning, you will have 86400 seconds in credit. Every night your account will have zero balance that can be carried forward. It allows no overdraft. If you fail to use the days deposits, the loss is yours/you have to bear the loss yourself. There is no going back. You are not allowed to draw the time of “tomorrow” in advance. You must live on todays deposits at present. Do your utmost to invest your time in staying healthy, getting happiness and achieving success. The clock is running. Make the most of today! classify roughly instinct promising complicated specialty certificate competitive edge cut-throat determination 长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎 没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：”不到长城非 好汉。 ”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连成长城。 然而，今天我们看到的长城东起山海关，西至嘉峪关大部分都是在明代修建的 emergence sophisticated giant significance assume shift enormously consist of 中国杂技（acrobatics）有着悠久的历史和浓郁的民族特色。它是中国人最喜欢 的艺术形式之一。杂技的表演融合了力量和技巧。它与人们的生产和日常生活有着密切的 联系，表演的道具（props）包括碗、盘子和梯子等。在旧中国，因为被封建阶级（feudal class）瞧不起，杂技从未在剧场里表演过。自新中国以来，中国政府大力发展民族艺术， 使得杂技获得了新的生命。 The Chinese acrobatics has a long history and strong ethnic characteristics. It is one of the Chinese favorite art forms. Acrobatics requires both strength and skill. It is closely related to peoples production and daily life activities with props like bowls, plates and ladders, and so on. In ancient China, acrobatics was never performed in theatres because it was looked down upon by the feudal class. Since the founding of New China, the government has made great efforts to develop national arts, giving acrobatics a new life. predict be obliged to profoundly ignorant represent intellect fill the gap explore in earnest depressed consciousness 七夕节（Double Seventh Festival）是中国最具浪漫色彩的传统节日。每年农历 （lunar calendar） 七月初七就是七夕节，亦称“乞巧节” 。七夕起源与中国古代牛郎 （Cowherd）和织女（Weaver Maid）的爱情神话，他们的故事感动了一代又一代的中国人。 许多有情男女会在七夕的晚上祈祷自己的姻缘美满，期望”有情人终成眷属” 。近年来，越 来越多的都市青年男女把这个节日当做”中国情人节” （Chinese Valentines Day）来过。 The Double Seventh Festival is a traditional Chinese festival full of romance, also known as “Qiqiao Festival”, which falls on the 7th day of lunar month. The festival originated from an ancient Chinese romantic fairy tale about the love of Niu Lang (Cowherd) and Zhi Nv (Weaver Maid), which has deeply moved generations of Chinese people. Many men and women in love usually pray for a happy marriage on that night, hoping for a “happy ending for their true love”. In recent years, more and more young people in cities celebrate the Double Seventh Festival as Chinese Valentines day. 在中国大熊猫是和平的象征。大熊猫是一种濒危物种。由于它的栖息地受到了破坏， 它们的数量在急剧下降。大熊猫的身体是白色的，在它的眼睛、耳朵、肩膀、胸部和脚的 周围都有一些黑色斑块。这黑白相间的保护色彩可以让熊猫在雪地和岩石的环境中伪装 (camouflage)起来。大熊猫的视力非常好。他们与众不同的眼睛激发了中国人的想象力， 因此，它们又被称为“大熊猫” 。中国向其他国家赠送大熊猫作为友谊的象征，几乎世界各 地的动物园都有大熊猫的身影。 The panda is a symbol of peace in China. Giant pandas are an endangered species and their numbers are dwindling very quickly as their habitat has been destroyed. Giant pandas are white with black patches around the eyes, ears, shoulders, chest, legs, and feet. This black-and-white coloring may camouflage pandas in the snowy and rocky environment. Pandas have very good eyesight. These unusual eyes inspired the Chinese to call panda the “giant bear cat”. China has given giant pandas to other countries as a sign of friendship. There are giant pandas in zoos almost all over the world. 朝气蓬勃，充满活力，丰富多彩的上海是现代中国的缩影（epitome） 。虽然上海的文 化遗迹不能与北京媲美，但是上海迷人的城市风貌，风格各异的万国建筑为这座城市注入 了无限的魅力。今日之上海，已经成为享誉中外的国际大都市。 漫步在这座日新月异的现代大都市里，你会发现许多精彩的历史亮点，隐现在众多摩天大 楼背后的是上海发展变化的轨迹。它们记述了上海自十九世纪末开埠以来，尤其是新中国 成立以后，是如何迅猛发展的。 Shanghai is a dynamic, diverse and stimulating city - the very epitome of modern China. Though Shanghai cannot rival Beijing in cultural heritage, its varied architectural styles and cosmopolitan feel give it a charm of its own. Todays Shanghai has become a world-famous international metropolis. A walk through this booming city reveals many glimpses of its colorful past. Hidden amongst the skyscrapers are remains of the original Shanghai. They keep on showing how Shanghai has been developing fast and enormously since its opening as a commercial port in the late 19th century, especially after the founding of new China. 中国的传统节庆膳食是节日必不可少的伴侣。例如，我国的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子(zongzi)。中 秋节是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征着圆满，象征着家庭团聚。因此，中秋节的特制 食品是圆形的月饼。春节是中国的农历新年，除了常见的家禽和肉类之外，人们还要按各 自的地方习俗烹制传统食物，如饺子和年糕。 Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable on some festivals. For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan and people usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, or rice dumpling on that day. The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for watching and admiring the full moon. The round moon is a symbol for completeness and family reunion. The special food of the day is yuebing, a round cake known as mooncake. The Spring Festival is the Chinese lunar New Years holiday. Besides the popular poultry and meat, people cook traditional food according to regional customs, such as, jiaozi, or boiled dumplings, and niangao, or the “new year cake” 孔子（Confucius）是中国最伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派（Confucianism）的 创始人。他的很多思想即使在今天的人们看来也是很有价值的。比如，他认为要关爱别人。 “己所不欲，勿施于人” 。由于“君子和而不同” ，因此要承认人与人之间的差异，这样才 能够维护社会的和谐与稳定。他在教育上主张鼓励学生学会独立思考，在学习书本知识的 同时还要有自己独立的见解。有人把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作西方的苏格拉底 （Socrates） 。 Confucius is the greatest philosopher and educator in China. He is the founder of Confucianism. Many of his ideas are quite valuable even now. For instance, he believed that one should be kind to others. “Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself.” “Harmony can be promoted despite the differences gentlemen have among themselves.” As a result, it is necessary to acknowledge the fact that people are different for the purpose of safeguarding the harmony and stability in society. In terms of education, he maintained that students should be encouraged to learn to think independently. While students acquire knowledge from textbooks, they should learn to form their own opinions. Confucius influence in Chinese history has been compared with that of Socrates in the West. 中国是一个发展中国家，也是一个负责任的国家。中国愿意为推进合作共赢、实现可 持续发展做出自己的贡献。中国保持经济快速健康发展，对全球经济及地区经济发展有利。 改革开放 20 多年来，中国经济年均增长 9.4，不仅成功解决了十三亿人的温饱问题，而 且使中国人民的生活总体上达到小康水平。虽然仍存在一些问题，但中国经济发展总的形 势很好。 China is a developing country with a strong sense of responsibility. We are ready to make contributions to promote win-win cooperation for sustainable development. A sound and rapidly growing Chinese economy is helpful for the economic development of the region and that of the world at large. With an average annual growth rate of 9.4% in the past 20 years of reform and opening- up, China has succeeded in meeting the basic needs for food, clothing and shelter of its population and providing, on the whole, a moderately comfortable livelihood for its 1.3 billion people. Despite some problems, Chinas economy is in good shape. 紫禁城，现名故宫博物院，坐落于北京市中心，是明清两代共 24 位皇帝的皇宫。故 宫是中国至今保存最完善的皇家宫殿，也是世界上最大的宫殿建筑群。以其举世称奇的建 筑艺术、数不尽的收藏，联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）在 1987 年将故宫列入世界文化遗产 名录（World Cultural Heritage Site） 。这是一座真正的中国文化和历史文物 （historical relics）宝库（treasury vault） 。现在到北京旅游，如果不去故宫，那么 你的旅程就不算完整。 The Forbidden City, now known as the Palace Museum, is located in the center of Beijing. It was the imperial palace to 24 emperors from the Ming Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty. It is the best preserved imperial palace in China and the largest palace complex in the world. With its awe-inspiring architecture and huge variety of collections, the Palace Museum was listed as a World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987. It is a real treasury vault of Chinese cultural and historical relics. Nowadays, any tour of Beijing would be incomplete without a visit to the grand palace. 过去的七年，中国的房地产(real estate)业经历了前所未有的高速增长。对于那些 月薪较低却渴望在大城市拥有一套属于自己的体面、舒适的栖身之所的人来说，高昂的房 价是他们无法承受的负担。鉴于这一状况，政府近来采取了一系列的措施来防止房价过快 增长，包括提高利率及增加房产税等。目前，这些措施在部分城市已经取得了初步的成效。 In the past seven years, Chinese real estate industry has developed at a record high speed. For those who earn less but are eager to own a decent and comfortable place of their own in a big city, the high housing price is a heavy burden that they can not afford. For this reason, the government has taken a series of measures to prevent the housing price from rising too fast, including raising interest rates and increasing taxes on real estate, etc. At present these measures have achieved initial effects in some cities. 中华民族把炎帝和黄帝看作自己的祖先。中国人不管迁徙到哪里，都把自己称为炎黄 子孙（descendants of Yandi and Huangdi） 。即使到了外国定居，他们的后代 （offspring）也希望有机会回中国寻根。中国有很多姓氏，为了说明自己是炎黄子孙，他 们的族谱往往要追溯到炎黄二帝上头去。血浓于水，炎黄子孙具有巨大的凝聚力。依靠海 内外中国人的共同努力，中华大地一定会建设得更加美丽，更加富强。 The Chinese people/nation regard Yandi and Huangdi as their ancestors. No matter where they have moved, the Chinese always regard themselves as descendants of Yandi and Huangdi. Even after they have settled down abroad, their offsprings hope to have the opportunity to go back to China for their roots. The Chinese people have numerous surnames, in order to show tat they are descendants of Yand and Huangdi, they trace their family trees back to Yandi or Huangdi. Blood is thicker than water. The descendants of Yandi ad Huangdi have tremendous internal cohesion. Through cooperative efforts of Chinese people inside and outside China, China will surely be built into a more beautiful and more prosperous land. 中医（Chinese medicine）是世界医学的遗产。中医有比西方医学更好的治病方法。 因为中医的效果和医治方式，现在中医在世界上越来越流行了。中医起源于古代，已经发 展了很长一段时间，它收集了治疗不同疾病的各种方法。传统中医讲究人们身体系统的平 衡。也就是说，一旦人的身体系统平衡，疾病就会消失。身体系统得损害是疾病的根源。 Chinese medicine is a heritage of world medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine has a power to heal people better than the western one. Chinese medicine now is more and more popular in the world due to its effect and its way to heal people. Originated from the ancient times, Chinese medicine has developed for a long time and it has collected various ways to treat different illness. The traditional Chinese medicine pays attention to the balance of peoples body system. It is said that once the system of people is in balance, illness will disappear. The damage of the body system is the source of disease. 如今，越来越多的大学生抱怨很难找到好工作。造成这一现象的原因如下：首先，大 学生把在校的大多数时间都用在了专业学科学习上，只有当他们开始找工作的时候，才意 识到自己缺乏必要的职业培训。其次，大学生之间的竞争也越来越激烈，这导致任何一名 大学生找到工作的机会都变小了。因此，强烈建议大学生在课余时间做一些兼职工作，以 积累相关的工作经验。 Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job. The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training. Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce. And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job. Therefore, it is highly suggested that college students should do some part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience. 黄山在中国安徽省南部，方圆 250 平方公里。黄山以奇松、怪石、云海和温泉“四绝” 而著称。黄山千峰万壑，比比皆松。黄山一年之中有云雾的天气达 200 多天，而且云来雾 去，变化莫测，奇峰怪石和古松隐现云海之中。黄山温泉的水温为摄氏 42 度，含多种有益 健康的矿物质。黄山是世界最著名的旅游胜地之一。 Mount Huang in the Southern part of Anhui Province of China covers an area of 250 square kilometers. It is known for its “four wonders”, namely, the oddly-shaped pines, bizarre rocks, seas of clouds and hot springs. Mount Huang has numerous peaks and valleys where pines can be found. About 200 days a year, the weather in the mountain area is cloudy and foggy. On such days, peaks, rocks and pines are barely seen in changing and shifting clouds and fogs. The temperature of the hot springs there is about 42 degrees Celsius, and multi- mineral matters good for health can be found in the water. Mount Huang is one of the world famous tourist resorts. 中国古代的四大发明是对中国乃至世界都具有重大影响的四种发明。这四种发明是指 南针（compass） ，火药（gunpowder） ，造纸（papermaking）和印刷。这四种发明对推动世 界文明发挥了重要作用，是中国作为世界文明古国的重要象征。但可惜的是西方人用火药 制造武器而古代中国人则用于生产烟花。现在人们意识到科技只有用于发展生产，社会才 能进步。 The four great inventions of ancient China are four inventions that had an enormous impact on the development of China and a far-ranging global impact. They are: the compass, gun powder, papermaking and printing. These four inventions played a major role in advancing the world civilization. They were also important symbols of Chinas role as one of the world ancient civilizations. But it is pitiful that the western people used gun powder to produce arms, while ancient Chinese used it to make fireworks. Now people have realized that only when science and technology are used to develop production will the society advance. 舞狮是中国一项历史悠久的民间表演艺术，至今已有 1500 多年的历史。狮子是百兽 之王，而且在佛教（Buddhism）中寓意吉祥。古人相信舞狮能够驱邪纳福，因此喜庆节日 都喜欢打鼓（drum）敲锣（gong） ，舞狮助兴。舞者身披形似狮子的服饰，踏着音乐节奏， 模拟狮子的各种动作跳舞。舞狮集武术、舞蹈和音乐于一体，如今在中国和世界各地尤其 是海外的华人社区发扬光大。 As a traditional Chinese folk performing art, lion dance has a history of more than 1,500 years. The lion is known as the king of beasts, and also a symbol of blessing in Buddhism. People in ancient times believed that lion dance could drive away evil spirits and bring good fortune. Therefore, on joyous festivals, people would perform lion dance accompanied by drums and gongs. The performers dress up like lions and imitate various lion movements to the rhythm of music. Lion dance is an art which combines martial arts, dance and music together. Nowadays, it has become popular in China and the world, especially in Chinese communities overseas. 石雕的狮子在中国随处可以见到。中国人把狮子视为吉祥、勇敢、威武的象征，在修建宫 殿、府第（mansion） 、房屋及陵墓（tomb）时，人们喜欢把石头雕成狮子安放在门口，用 来“驱魔辟邪” （guard against evil spirits） ，把守大门。在古代，设置石狮子是有一 定规矩的。一般门左边的是雄狮，雄狮的右脚踩着一只绣球象征威力。门右边的是雌狮， 雌狮用左脚抚慰小狮子，象征子孙昌盛。 Wherever one goes in China, one can see lions made of stone. As the Chinese regard lion as a symbol of blessing, bravery and power, stone lions are often placed in front of palaces, mansions, houses and tombs to guard against evil spirits. But there were rules about it in ancient times. Normally, a male lion was placed on the left side of the gate with its right paw on a ball, which is a symbol of power. A female lion was placed on the right side of the gate with its left paw playing with a cub/ a young lion, which is a symbol of a prosperous clan/lineage. 中国城市化（urbanization）将会充分释放潜在内需（domestic demand） 。一些经 济学家指出，在中国几乎所有的发展中城市都面临着城市化的进程。这使得许多人的生活 水平有所提高，也为人们提供更多的就业机会。随着越来越多的人向城市迁移，住房及城 市基础设施建设（infrastructure construction） ，包括水源等能源的供应将会成为城市 发展的焦点问题。商