2016年职称英语 理工B 小抄重点文章+译文.doc

1.inventor of led2.el nino3.smoking4.engineering ethics5.rescue platform6.microchip research center created7.moderate earthquake strikes england8.whatis a dream?9.dangers await babies with altitude10.the biology of music1.more than 8 hours sleep too much of a good thing2.soot and sow：a hot combination3.icy microbes5.led lighting6.how we form first impression7.screen test9.more rural research is needed10.washoe learned american sign language1.ford abandons electric vehicles福特放弃电动汽车2.world crude oil production may peak a decade earlier than some predict世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值3.citizen scientists 公民科学家4.motoring technology 汽车技术 5.late-night drinking -在深夜饮咖啡 6.making light of sleep不要太在意睡眠7sugar power for cell phones 用糖为手机发电8eiffel is an eyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔9. an essential scientific process一个重要的科学过程10.young female chimps outlearn their brothers年轻雌猩猩学习优于它们的弟兄11.when our eyes serve our stomach我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口12.florida hit by cold air mass纳佛罗里达遭受冷气团袭击13.invisibility ring隐形环14.japanese car keeps watch for drunk drivers日本用来监视醉酒司机的新型概念车15.winged robot learns to fly 肋生双翅机器人学飞行16.japanese drilling into core of earth日本人的地心旅行17.a sunshade for the planet地球防晒霜18.thirst for oil石油匮乏19.musical robot companion enhances listener experience20.explorer of the extreme deep深海探索器21.plant gas植物，沼气的又一来源22.real world robots现实生活中的机器人 . . 23.powering a city? its a breeze风力发电？轻而易举24.underground coal fires a looming catastrophe25.eat to live为生存而食26.male and female pilots cause accidents differently27.driven to distraction分散注意力驾驶28.sleep lets brain file memories睡眠促使记忆归档存储29.ill be bach30.digital realm数码王国31.hurricane katrina卡特里娜飓风32.mind-reading1 machine读心机33experts call for local and regional control of sites for radioactivewaste- 一、mobile phones-移动电话二、the worlds longest bridge三、reinventing the table四、the bilingual brain五、a record-breaking rover（新增c）六、dung to death七、time in the animal world八、watching microcurrents flow九、 lightening strikes（新增b）十、how deafness makes it easier to hear1.captain cook arrow legend(库克船长弓箭的传说)2.avalanche and its safety(雪崩和安全问题)3.增c giant structures(巨型建筑)4.animals “sixth sense”(动物的”第六感”)5.singing alarms could save the blind(警报器救盲人)6.car thieves could be stopped remotely(远程制止偷车贼)7.an intelligent car(智能汽车)5608.增b why india needs its dying vultures(印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰)5609.wonder webs(奇妙的网)56110.chicken soup for the soul: comfort food fights loneliness（心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感）561inventor of led- led的发明者【近义词】 when nick holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes or leds, are used in everything from dvds to alarm clocks to airports. dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology.【反义词】on april 23, 2004, holonyak received the $500,000 lemelson-mit prize at a ceremony in washington. this marks the 10th year that the lemelson-mit program at the massachusetts institute of technology（mit）has given the award to prominent inventors.【词源解析】anytime you get an award, big or little, its always a surprise, holonyak said.holonyak, 75, was a student of john bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. after graduate school, holonyak worked at bell labs. he later went to general electric, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches.【相关短语】later, holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. but while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, be wanted to generate visible light. the leds he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective.【派生词】holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the university of illinois, said he suspected that leds would become as commonplace as they are today. but didnt realize how many uses they would have.【近义词】you dont know in the beginning. you think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. you just dont know, he said.【词源解析】the lemelson-mit program also recognized edith flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 lemelson- mit lifetime achievement award for her work on a new generation of molecular sieves that can separate molecules by size.【近义词】1holonyaks colleagues thought he would fail in his research on leds at the time when he started it.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the lemelson-mit prize sooner or later.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4holonyak believed that leds would become very popular in the future.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6edith flanigen is the only co-inventor of leds.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7the lemelson-mit prize has a history of over 100 years.aright bwrong cnot mentionedel nino-厄尔尼诺【近义词】while some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 el nino a few months in advance1, the columbia university researchers say their method can predict large el nino events up to two years in advance. that would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that el nino can produce in various parts of the world.【反义词】using a computer, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later el nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate el nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. the results were reported in the latest issue of the journal nature.【派生词】the researchers say their method is not perfect, but bryan cweare, a meteorologist at the university of california, davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests2 el nino is indeed predictable.”【相关短语】“this will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods,” said weare. he added that the new method “makes it possible to predict el nino at long lead times3.” other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, weare said.【词源解析】the ability to predict the wanning and cooling of the pacific is of immense importance4. the 1997 el nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said david anderson, of the european centre for medium-range weather forecasts in reading, england. the 1877 el nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in india and china, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, anderson said.when el nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in china alone, according to a 2002 united nations report.【反义词】while predicting smaller el nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed.【词源解析】 el nino tends to develop between april and june and reaches its peak between december and february. the warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years.【相关短语】the new forecasting method does not predict any major el nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible.【派生词】1the method used by the columbia university researchers can predict el nino a few months in advance.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2the columbia university researchers studied the relationship between the past el nino occurrences and sea-surface temperatures.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3the columbia university researchers are the first to use sea-surface temperatures to match the past el nino occurrences.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4weares contribution in predicting el nino was highly praised by other meteorologists.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5according to a chinese report, the flooding in china caused by el nino in 1991 and 1997 affected 200 million chinese people.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6it takes about eight months for el nino to reach its peak.aright b wrong cnot mentioned7a special institute has been set up in america to study el nino.aright bwrong cnot mentionedsmoking-抽学派烟【近义词】since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. the trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1.【反义词】 cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.【相关短语】 apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. there is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. as smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. one point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. most lung cancer begins at this point.【派生词】 filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.【词源解析】1it is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2smoking reduces ones life expectancy.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3smoking may induce lung cancer.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4there is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6nicotine is poisonous.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe.aright bwrong cnot mentionedengineering ethics-工程道德【近义词】engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. at texas a&m university, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the national science foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. a small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at texas asm, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers.【派生词】the increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the challenger disaster, the kansas city hyatt-regency hotel walkways collapse, and the exxon oil spill. as a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. this discipline will doubtless4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.【相关短语】the problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. they are most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance.【反义词】1engineering ethics is a compulsory subject in every institute of science and technology in the uniled states.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2the number of students wishing to take the course of engineering ethics is declining at texas a&sm university.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3the national science foundation involves itself directly in writing up material about ethical issues.aright bwrong cnot mentioned4it seems that medical ethics and business ethics are more mature than engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned5several engineering professors have quit from teaching to protest against the creation of a new course in engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6many engineering professors may not have time to prepare material for class discussion on professional ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentioned7it is likely that following this introductory passage, the author will provide the necessary material related to the topic of engineering ethics.aright bwrong cnot mentionedrescue platform-救生平台【近义词】in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the world trade center, security experts are trying to develop new ways of rescuing people from burning skyscrapers. one idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter.1 the platform would rise up and down alongside a skyscraper and pick up people trapped in high stories.【反义词】the idea for the vertical takeoff platform was hatched more than ten years ago by a russian aerospace engineer, david metreveli, who has since2 moved to israel. metrevelis design, called the eagle, calls for two jet engines that turn four large horizontal propellers. the spinning of the propellers generates the necessary lift, or upward force, to raise the platform. the more power is supplied to the propellers, the higher the platform rises. moving the platform sideways involves applying differing amounts of power to each propeller.【近义词】helicopters are now used in some cases to get people out of burning buildings. escape baskets3 slung from them dangle beside the building for people to climb into. unfortunately, the baskets cannot reach every floor of a building because the ropes from which they hang become unstable beyond a certain length.【派生词】so far, metreveli has built a small-scale model of the eagle to test his idea. in the wake of4 september 11, he has been able to secure enough funding to start building a larger, 4-meter by 4- meter5 prototype, which he calls the eaglet.【相关短语】1a rescue platform called the eagle is capable of moving vertically but not sideways.aright bwrong cnot mentioned2the four propellers are fitted horizontally to the eagle.aright bwrong cnot mentioned3with the help of jet engines, the eagle can fly at a speed of 100 miles an hour.aright bwrong cnot mentioned 4in the third paragraph, the word helicopter refers to the eagle.aright bwrong c not mentioned5the more jet engines are fitted to the propellers, the more people the platform can carry.aright bwrong cnot mentioned6in the wake of september 11, mr. metreveli has secured enough funding to build up a small- scale model of the eagle to test his idea.aright b wrong cnot mentioned7mr. metreveli is designing for israel a more advanced form of rescue platform than the eagle or the eaglet.aright bwrong cnot mentionedmicrochip research center created-微芯片研究中心成立【相关短语】a research center has been set up in this far eastern country to develop advanced micro-chip production technology. the center, which will start out with about us $14 million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology.【近义词】the center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. the advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the countrys flagship chipmaker.1 currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments dont allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology providers are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance2.【反义词】as mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years,plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker.【派生词】more than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of us dollars. the majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners mainly from japan and singapore. should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in the industry, the country admits the us $14 million investment is still rather small. this country is de