高一化学苏教必修一专题归纳整合四.ppt

请请分别别用一句话话表达下列关键词键词 ： 钝钝化 光化学烟雾雾 雷雨发发庄稼 提示 钝化：常温下，铁(或铝)在浓硫酸(或浓硝酸)中发 生反应，使金属表面生成一种致密的氧化物保护膜。 光化学烟雾：二氧化氮能使氧气经过复杂的反应生成臭氧 ，臭氧与空气中一些碳氢化合物发生作用后，产生了一种 有毒的烟雾，人们称它为光化学烟雾。 专专 题题 综综 合 检检 测测 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1工业业制备备硫酸所用的设备设备 名称是什么？ 提示 沸腾炉、接触室、吸收塔 2二氧化硫的漂白机理与次氯氯酸的漂白机理有何不同？ 提示 二氧化硫的漂白机理是与有色物质反应，生成 不稳定的无色物质，加热时，无色物质又会分解，恢 复到原来的颜色。次氯酸的漂白机理是利用其强氧化 性将有色物质氧化。 3如何检验检验 氨气？ 提示 用红色湿润的石蕊试纸检验，氨气能使其红色 变成蓝色。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 5稀硫酸和浓浓硫酸的性质质有何异同？ 提示 相同点是二者都具备酸的通性；不同的地方是 浓硫酸具有强氧化性、吸水性、脱水性等特性，而稀 硫酸不具备。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1按下列线线索归纳归纳 硫及其化合物的性质质和转转化条件。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2按下列线线索归纳归纳 含氮化合物的性质质和转转化条件。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 硫、氮的化合物中，重点要掌握的内容是浓浓硫酸的性质质、 硝酸的性质质、二氧化硫的性质质、二氧化氮的性质质、氨及 铵盐铵盐 的性质质等。而性质质的考查查通常通过过背景材料、实验实验 、推断等形式来表现现，具体考查查角度及方式如下： 学科思想培养四 硫、氮及其化合物的命题角度及解题指导 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 方向一 硫、氮及其化合物的推断题的解法 【知识基础】 硫(氮)元素及其化合物之间的转化关系。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 元素及其化合物的推断是将分散的知识识点连连成线线、织织成 网，可有效地考查查同学们们的抽象、求异、发发散和收敛敛等 思维维能力。 1根据题给题给 信息，锁锁定推断范围围。解题时题时 ，借助试题试题 中的信息尤其是某些特征信息(如特殊的化学反应应、特殊 的实验现实验现 象以及特殊的反应应条件等)来确定推断范围围。 2在所确定的推断范围围内提出合理的猜想(大胆假设设)， 进进一步缩缩小推断范围围。这这一步需要从自己所学的知识识中 去寻寻找相关内容，提出合乎题题意的推测测。 3利用整体思维维、链链式推理、正反推理等方法，细细心探 索，推测结测结 果，通过验证过验证 得到答案。 【解题指导】 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 下列AI九种物质质之间间的转转化关系如图图所示；其 中部分生成物或反应应条件已略去。已知A为为固态单质态单质 ，常 温下C、E、F都是无色气体。 【例1】 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 请请填空： (1)F的化学式(分子式)是_。 (2)A与B反应应的化学方程式是 _ _。 (3)G与H反应应的离子方程式是_ _， E转变为转变为 H和I的离子方程式是_ _。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 方向二 实验探究题的解题思想 【知识基础】 浓硝酸、浓硫酸分别与碳、铜反应的实验现象、二氧化硫能 使品红、酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色、氨气的喷泉实验，氨气的 实验室制备实验。 【解题指导】 解决实验简实验简 答题题的一般思路是：明确实验实验 目的(该实验该实验 要求 我们们做什么？)明确题题干、题图题图 含义义(认认真理解实验实验 的 设设 计计思路、每一个装置的设计设计 意图图)，理解题题目给给我们们完成实实 验验目的提供了什么依据和有效信息明确解答问题问题 的落点 是什么？即试题给试题给 我们设们设 置了什么样样的问题问题 情景，要求我 们们 回答什么问题问题 。如果理清了思路，问题问题 就会迎刃而解。有 时时 候甚至不能百分之百理解题题意，只要运用好解题题技巧，也会 收到理想的效果。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. .使用常用仪仪器，运用化学原理进进行巧妙的设计设计 ，就可以用同一个简单简单 的装置实现实现 多种用途。 【例2】 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. (1)利用上图图中的装置收集NO，试简试简 述其操作方法： _ _ _。 (2)甲同学在试试管底部钻钻一个小洞，并和广口瓶一起组组成 图图中的装置，通过过开、关导导管上的阀门阀门 可以控制试试管 内的反应应随时发时发 生或随时时停止。则该则该 装置可以制取的常 见见气体有_(填两种)。 (3)乙同学认为认为 ，可把装置做如图图的改动动，用橡皮塞 代替铁铁架台来固定试试管。请请判断乙同学的做法是否可行 ？_(填“可行”或“不可行”)。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. .现拟现拟 用如图图所示的装置进进行硝酸与铜铜反应应的 实验实验 。 为为了防止污污染，在右边边的试试管中盛放足量的 NaOH溶液。若实验实验 中使用的是质质量分数为为63% 的硝酸和铜铜片，则则操作中应应怎样样加入硝酸和铜铜 片才能避免铜铜与硝酸刚刚一接触时时生成的气体外 逸到空气中： _ _ _ _。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides f