人教版八年级英语上册第三单元重点知识详解.doc

第三单元重点知识一、 短语归纳1、more outgoing 更外向2、asas 与一样3、the singing competition 歌咏比赛4、the most important 最重要的5、be talented in music 有音乐天赋6、the same as 和不同；与一致7、care about 关心，在意8、take care of = look after 照顾，照看9、be different from 与不同；与有差异（反义词 be the same as 与相同）10、be like a mirror 像一面镜子11、as long as 只要；既然12、bring out 使显现；使表现出来13、get good grades 取得好成绩get better grades 取得更好的成绩14、reach for ones hand 伸手帮助某人一把15、touch ones heart 感动某人Keep in touch 保持联系 get in touch 取得联系16、in fact 确切的说；事实上；实际上17、make friends 交朋友18、be good at 擅长19、be there 随叫随到；不离左右20、be similar to 与相像的、类似的21、be good with 善于应付的22、bothand 和.都23、callat 拨打找24、to learn something new 学习新东西25、be talented in 在某方面有天赋26、break into 强行进入，闯入break off 中断说话break down 出故障27、arm in arm 臂挽臂with open arms 张开双臂二、用法集萃1、have fun doing sth 2、bothand 和都；既又3、loud(形容词，喧闹的，大声的，响亮的) + ly loudly(副词，喧闹地，大声地，响亮地)4、quiet（形容词，安静的） + ly quietly（副词，安静地）5、talent（名词，天资，天赋，天才）+ ed talented（形容词，有才能的；有才干的） 6、be serious about 对认真 Serious（形容词，认真的；当真的；严重的；危急的）+ lyseriously（副词，严肃地；严重地；认真地）7、make sb do sth 让某人做某事 Make sb/sth + 形容词 让某人/某物 Make sb + 名词 让某人成为8、Thats why 这便是为什么,这就是 Thats because 这是因为9、Its + 形容词 + for/ of sb + to do sth 对某人来说，做某事是(此处It 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语（to do）It is necessary for people to have food and water every day.Its very nice of you to lend an umbrella to me.10、Its necessary (for sb) to do sth 对某人来说做某事很必要11、bring out 使显现、使表现出bring out the best/worst in sb 把某人最好/最坏的一面表现或显露出来Please tell me how to bring out the best in me.12、share sth with sb 和某人分享某物Its necessary for kids to learn to share their ideas with friends.13、be there随时提供帮助，时刻准备伸手相助，随叫随到，不离左右He is always there for me.14、information不可数名词，意为：“信息，消息”。 a piece of information一条信息 two pieces of information两条信息三、词类辨析1、 bothand/ both of/ all/all of/ either or/ neither .nor/not onlybut also/any otherbothand“两者都”，连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词用复数Both my father and my mother have been to Shanghai. both of + 复数人称代词或复数名词意为：“两者都”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式Maybe both of them are busy.all用于三者或三者以上，表示“都”。注：1、作主语时，笼统的表示所有人时，谓语动词用复数形式2、笼统的表示所有事物或现象时，谓语动词通常用单数形式All are here.All is silent.（万籁俱寂）all of （三者以上）都either or“或者或者”在连接主语时，谓语动词根据靠近的主语名词确定单复数（就近原则）Either you or I am wrong.neither .nor“既不也不”就近原则Neither Mary nor Tom works in this school.not onlybut also“不但而且”就近原则Not only all the students but also their English teacher has read the storybook.any other + 名词单数其他任何一个（三者以上任何一个）Shanghai is larger than anyother city in China. 注：Aboth of ,all of 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；none of作主语时，谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数；either of , neither of 作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。Bboth, neither , either , all , none , any 都可以与of 连用，后面的人称代词要用宾格2、hard-working/ hard work/ work hardhard-working形容词，“工作努力的，辛勤的”He is a hard-working boy.hard work名词短语，“辛苦的工作”，hard是形容词，修饰不可数名词workWhat hard work it is!work hard短语动词，“努力工作”，hard是副词，修饰动词workHe always works hard.3、laugh/smilelaugh“出声地大笑”，不但有面部表情，而且还有声音laugh at“嘲笑，因而发笑”smile“无声地微笑”，指的是面部表情smile at向微笑4、be like/look likebe like像一样侧重人的“内在气质，如：品质、性格、品行等”Kate is like her mother. They are both quiet.look like看起来像侧重人的“外貌，如：高、矮、胖、瘦”Kate looks like her mother. They are both tall and thin.5、the other/the others/other/others/anotherthe other特指“两者中的另一个”，onethe other“一个另一个”，后可接数词或复数名词，特指“其他的”the others特指某一范围内的“其他的人或物”，是the other 的复数形式，相当于“the other+ 复数名词”other作形容词或代词，泛指“别的，其他的”，只修饰复数others作代词，泛指“其他的人或物”，不能修饰名词，可与of 连用，后跟them/us/you或特指的复数another泛指三个或三个以上同类事物中的“另一个”，代替或修饰单数可数名词He has two brothers. One is a teacher, and the other is a doctor.You two stay here, and the others go with me.We learn Chinese, math, English, and other subjects.Some students are doing homework, others are talking loudly.I dont like this one. Please show me another.Other,theother,another,others同步练习1. Theresno_waytodoit.A.otherB.theotherC.anotherDothers2.Somepeopleliketorestintheirfreetime._liketotravel.A.OtherB.Theothers C.Others D.Another3.Thiscakeisdelicious!CanIhave_piece,please?A.otherB.anotherC.othersD.theother4.Whereare_boys?A.theotherB. theothersC.othersD.another5.Thesupermarketison_sideofthestreet.A.otherB.anotherC.theotherD.others6.Therewerethreebooksonmytable.Oneishere.Whereare_?A.othersB.theothersC.theotherD.another7.Someofthespeakerswentstraighttotheconferenceroom._speakersarestillhangingaround.A.TheotherB.TheothersC.AnotherD.Others8.Thisisnottheonlyanswertothequestion.Thereare_.A.theothersB.othersC.anotherD.theother9.Pleasegiveme_chance.A.otherB.theotherC.anotherD.theothers11.Idontlikethoseshoes.Pleaseshowme_.A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.someothers12.Marydidntwant_ofthetwokindsandaskedtheshopassistanttoshowher_.A.both;theotherB.all;theothersC.either;anotherD.other;theothers13.Mr.Turnerboughttwobikes.Onewasforhiswife,and_wasforhisson.A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.one14.hehastwosons.Oneisadoctor,_isastudent.Heisnowstudyingat_university.A.another;aB.theother;anC.theother;aD.another;an15.-Wouldyoulike_apples?-_,please.A.somemore;anothertwoB.anymore;Twomore C.another;twomoreD.somemore;Other16.Therearetwenty-eightstudentsintheclass.Tenofthemaregirlsand_areboys.A.theotherB.theothersC.othersD.other17.Idontlikethispen.Wouldyoupleaseshowme_one?A.anotherB.theotherC.otherD.others18.Ihavesixcoloredpencils;oneisblue,anotherisred,and_aregreenA.othersB.anotherC.othersD.theothers19.-Haveyoufinishedyourreportyet? -No.Illfinishitin_tenminutes.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.less四、重点语法、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：原级、比较级、最高级；比较级表示“更”，用于两者（人或事物）之间的比较； 最高级表示“最”，用于三者或三者以上的（人或事物）之间的比较；比较级及最高级的构成：规则变化分类构成示例一般情况在词尾加-er，-esttalltallertallest fastfasterfastest以字母-e结尾的词在词尾加-r ,- stnicenicernicest latelaterlatest重读闭音节词词尾只有一个辅音字母先双写该辅音字母，再加-er , -estthinthinnerthinnest bigbiggerbiggest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词先变y为i, 再加-er, -esteasyeasiereasiest earlyearlierearliest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more, mostinterestingmore interestingmost interestingcomfortablemore comfortablemost comfortable不规则变化good/well better bestbad/badly worse worstmany/much more mostlittle less leastfar farther（只指距离，更远的） farthest further（指距离：更远的，等同于farther;指程度：更深入的） furthestold older（指年龄，新旧） oldestelder（指血缘） eldest比较级的常用句型结构：甲+ be + 形容词比较级 + than + 乙 甲 + 实义动词 + 副词比较级 + than + 乙 （甲比乙） 注than 后面接代词时，一般用主格，但也可用宾格，如果than 后为一个小句子，不可使用宾格。He works harder than me .He works harder than I do.甲 + be + 倍数 + 形容词比较级 + than + 乙 甲 + 实义动词 + 倍数 +副词比较级 + than + 乙 （甲是乙的几倍）甲 + be + the + 形容词比较级 + of the two （+）（甲是两者中较的）比较级+and+比较级 more and more + 原级（多音节词或部分双音节词） （越来越）the + 比较级， the + 比较级 （越，越）疑问词 + be + 形容词比较级，甲 or 乙？ 疑问词 + 实义动词 + 副词比较级，甲 or 乙？常见的修饰形容词比较级的前置词Amuch/a lot/far + 形容词比较级（得多）Ba bit/a little + 形容词比较级（稍微）Ceven + 形容词比较级（甚至）最高级的常用句型主语 + be + the +形容词最高级 + in/of 短语（ 是 中最的）注：of 后一般接表示一群人或事物的代词或名词；in后一般接表示单位或场所的名词主语 + 实义动词 + （the）+ 副词最高级 + in/of 短语（是中最的）主语 + be + one of the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数 + in/of短语 （是中最的之一）疑问词 + be + the + 形容词最高级 + 甲、乙or 丙？疑问词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + （the）+ 副词最高级 + 甲、乙or 丙？the + 序数词 + 形容词最高级 + 名词（第几最的）比较级表达最高级的含义A比较级 + than any other + 可数名词单数（比其他任何一个都）强调在同一范围内作比较B比较级 + than any + 可数名词单数（比其他任何都）强调不在同一范围内作比较比较级的用法A原级的用法常用“as + 形容词比较级+ as”的结构在否定句中，既可用“asas”结构，也可用“soas”助记口诀：同级比较用原级，asas永不离若是否定加not，asas 否前者asas加not，说明两者有区别soas 加not，后者总是强前者eg: Tom gets up as early as Jim. Lucy isnt as outgoing as Mary.=Lucy isnt so outgoing as Mary.B一方高于或低于另一方的比较 “形容词比较级 + than”C表示两者程度不同的其他结构“用more than ,not more than, less than, not less than等”同步练习1、Although we are twins, Im _ than my brother.A、outgoing B、more outgoingC、most outgoing D、the most outgoing2、Which subject do you like_ ,English or math? Of course, English. A、well B、better C、best3、If more people give up driving cars, the air will get much_ in a few years. A、clean B、cleaner C、the cleaner D、the cleanest4、Time is money. But I think time is _ money.A、as important as B、more important as C、the most important in D、more important than5、What do you think of Toms speech?No one does_ in our class.A、good B、better C、well D、best6、The more you smile, the_ you will feel.A、happy B、happier C、happily D、more happily7、Who is _ ,Tom or Jim?A、outgoing B、more heavy C、thinner D、hard- working8、I am sorry this coat is not big enough. I want a _ one.A、bigger B、big C、smaller D、small9、Which city is _ beautiful, Hangzhou ,Beijing or Shanghai ?Hangzhou , I think.A、the most B、the better C、more10、Ma Yun , head of Alibaba , is one of _ persons in the world.A、rich B、richer C、richest D、the richest11、I think Mary sang _（well）of all.12、Which month has _ days in a year?February.A、few B、little C、the least D、the fewest13、Whose home is _ away from school in our class?Liu Meis.A、farther B、far C、the farthest D、near 14、This temple is one of _ buildings in the town. We must take action to protect it .A、old B、older C、oldest D、the oldest 15、The girl is quieter than any other girl in our class.（改为同义句）The girl is _ _ of all the girls in our class.反义疑问句1、表示提问人的看法，没有把握，需要对方证实2、原则：A反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称时态应保持一致。B前否后肯，前肯后否注陈述部分用no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。3、基本结构：陈述句，+ Be/助动词/情态动词 + 人称代词主格（there be 句型要用there 反问）注： Abe/助动词/情态动词的选择要根据前面的陈述句的谓语动词来定。B人称代词的主格要和陈述句的主语保持一致。4、特殊的反意疑问句：A、祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will youB、Lets 开头的祈使句，后用shall we（或用shant we）. Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you（或wont you）C、陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didnt + 主语或 usednt+ 主语D、陈述部分有had better + 动词， 疑问部分用hadnt you ?E、陈述部分主语如果是指示代词或表人的不定代词：somebody, everybody, nobody等，疑问部分主语要用they 或 he.F、陈述部分主语如果是表物的不定代词：everything, that, nothing, this ,疑问部分主语用it.G、陈述部分含有un-, in- , im- , dis- , 等构成的派生词时，陈述部分被看作是肯定，反问要用否定。H、陈述部分主谓是I am , 反问是：arent you?I、陈述部分是I/We + think/guess/suppose/believe+ that 从句，要反问从句J、陈述部分的主语是不定式、从句、动名词的时候，疑问部分的主语用it.5、答语只要和事实相符的都要用Yes，和事实不相符的都要用No。6、答题技巧三步走 一判肯否；二找时态；三看是否是特殊同步练习：1、She hardly knew how to solve this math problem, _?2、Lets go and help the old man to cross the road,_?3、Mr .Zhao goes fishing every weekend,_?4、Being a volunteer is great, _?5、Dont be late for school next time, _?6、There used to be a river in front of my house, _?7、You havent seen that film, _?8、He can swim, _?9、This is your brother, _?10、Mr Zhang has been here for four years,_?11、You havent been to the West Lake, have you?_. But I will go there with my parents this summer vacation.A、No，I havent B、No, I didnt C、Yes, I have D、Yes, I did 12、People who eat a balanced diet should be healthier than those who only eat biscuits and hamburgers,_?A、dont they B、do they C、shouldnt they D、should they13、She has gone abroad,_?No. She is still teaching us English at our school now.A、is she B、isnt she C