外研版八年级下册英语知识语法汇总.doc

Module 1Hobbies语法剖析活用简单句的五种句子结构.句子的种类按交际功能可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。按结构可分为简单句、并列句与复合句。.简单句简单句是由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成，其陈述句的肯定式有以下五种基本句型：【主语(S)、谓语(V)、表语(P)、宾语(O)、宾语补足语(OC）】序号结构讲解例句1该句型中的谓语为不及物动词。谓语动词的前面可加情态动词或助动词。如果多个谓语动词并列，可用and，but等并列连词将它们连接起来。谓语动词在人称和数上须与主语保持一致。The first book came out in 2003.He is running fast.2SVP此句中的动词为连系动词，连系动词常用的有be，become等，部分行为动词在某些时候也可以用作连系动词，如:get，keep，turn，grow等。有些感官动词也可以作连系动词，如:look，sound，taste，smell，feel等。Trees are green.Mrs. Smith is a doctor.They are interested in P.E.3SVO此句中的动词为及物动词。动词后接宾语时应该用及物动词，若为不及物动词则须在动词后加上合适的介词。He saw a film.Jim may visit his parents tomorrow.4SVOiOd此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，后面接两个宾语，间接宾语一般指人，直接宾语一般指物。一般是“主谓间宾直宾”，也可以是“主谓直宾介词间宾”。可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask，give，send，buy,sell,bring，pass，tell，show，teach，promiser等。I will give you a book.She bought a present for her parents.5SVOC该句型中的“宾语 +宾语补足语”又叫做“复合宾语”，其特点是宾语与其补语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。可接复合宾语的常见动词有：ask，tell，find，help，like，take，make，let，call，watch，see，have等。The news made everyone happy.He wants me to help him.there be 句型there be句型的结构是“there be +某人/某物+某时/某地”，含义是“在某时或某地有某人或某物”。从以上讲解中我们可以初步掌握英语句子结构的一些特点：英语的句子以谓语为中心，前面是动作的执行者，后面是动作的承受者。除了基本成分之外，状语也很重要。状语可以位于句首，也可以置于谓语之后。一般来说，置于句首的多是时间、条件和原因状语，置于谓语之后的是地点、方式、原因、目的、时间和伴随状语。一般过去时和现在完成时的区别.时间上有差异一般过去时与现在没有关系，与表示过去的时间状语连用，如:ago，last year，just now，the other day等。现在完成时与现在有关系,不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:He has come back home.（说明现在他在家。）He came back home last year.（只能说明他去年回来过,不能说明他现在在不在家，可能后来又出去了,但至今未归。).结果上有差异现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作，现在完成时强调对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续。一般过去时强调动作发生在“过去”，和现在没有关系。【活学活用】 单项选择1）She _the piano for six years，but she doesnt play now.A. have playedB.playedC.has played答案：B从后半句可以判断她已经不再弹钢琴了，说明前面的动作和现在已经没有关系，只是单纯地陈述过去的事情，所以用一般过去时。2）We _ the museum yesterday.A. visitedB.visitC.have visited答案：A有明显的过去时间状语yesterday，可以判断用一般过去时。3）I _ stamps since I was ten years old. A. collectedB.have collectedC.am collecting答案：Bsince“自从”是现在完成时的一个标志性词语，表示动作从某时开始一直延续，所以用现在完成时。4）I _ to school yesterday because I was ill.A. wentB.havent goneC.didnt go答案：C全句为因果关系，应该是“生病没有上学”，所以否定A项；陈述昨天的事情，没提到和现在的关系，所以应用一般过去时。5）I _ in Beijing for ten years.A. livedB.have livedC.has lived答案：B句意为“我住在北京已经十年了”，没有任何其他提示，表示现在仍住在北京。典题精讲经典例题在对话的空格处填上适当的单词，使对话完整、正确，每空一词。A: Mum，which TV program(节目）are you 1?B:Oh，Im watching a Beijing Opera.A: Is that2interesting than a football game?B:Yes，I think3.I prefer(更喜欢)a Beijing Opera4a football game.A:Er.but I dont like it. Shall we watch a cartoon5?B:OK.Which6is your favorite TV program on?A: Its usually7on Channel 8.B:But I cant get8.A: Well，it must9on Channel 6 then. Try that.B:Here it is.The cartoon10just begun. Lets watch it together.A: Thats all right.思路解析：1.从下文问话“我正在看京剧”中可以看出，上句话中问的是“看什么”。答案:watching2.从后面的than 可以看出这是一个比较级，因为interesting是个多音节形容词。答案：more3.从答语yes，可以看出是肯定的形式。答案：so4. prefer.to.“喜欢胜过”。答案：to5.提出建议“我们来看卡通片而不要看京剧和球赛”，要用一个词表达此意。答案:instead6.从末尾的介词“on”判断，最爱的电视节目在哪个频道。答案：channel7.上演或是播出,但注意主语是it，所以应用被动语态。答案:showed8. not.anything=nothing。答案:anything9.must后面要接动词原形，be on channel 6 “在6频道”。答案：be10.just暗示本句应该是现在完成时。答案:has黑色陷阱：本题有两处陷阱，一是第6题，如果注意不到后面的介词on，很容易理解成“你最喜欢什么电视节目”，而本题是最喜欢的节目在哪个频道，所以要填channel而不是program。第二处是第7题，很容易让人凭直觉填be，说明卡通节目在第八频道，陷阱是前面已经有be动词is了。所以填be 不对，并且还要注意动词的被动语态的运用。绿色通道：解答此类题一定要先通读全文，对对话的主要内容有一个大概的理解，并充分利用好上下文所提供的信息，注意每一处细节，对号入座，对所填的内容要进行检验，看句子是否通顺，文章是否合情理。原创题根据表格和短文判断正（T）误（F）。Recently we have made a survey about the teenagers hobbies. Heres the result.SingingPlayingcomputergamesGrowingVegetablesPlayingFootballDancingPlayingtabletennisCollectingDollsBoysGirlsIts very interesting to see the hobbies above. The teenagers like their hobbies because they like to learn new things and develop new skills. For example，playing football can make them strong and understand the importance of team work. Growing vegetables can help their family.(）1.The boys like dancing and singing.(）2.Both the boys and the girls like growing vegetables and playing table tennis.(）3.Collecting dolls can make the girls strong.(）4.Playing football is a team-work sport.(）5.The boys dont like playing computer games.思路解析：1.F从图表中可以判断，喜欢唱歌跳舞的应该是女孩子。2.T从图表中可以判断男孩和女孩都喜欢的两项是growing vegetables和playing table tennis。3.F收集洋娃娃不是一个锻炼体能的爱好，所以不能使人变强壮。4.T从文中的例子可以看出踢足球能使人理解团队合作的重要性，所以应该是一项团队运动。5.F从图中可以直接判断此项描述不合文意。黑色陷阱：第4题考查理解能力，第5题考查反向思维能力。绿色通道：注意英文图表题，一定不要落下任何一个细节，要从细节中发现东西，也可以带着问题去读表。巧学法园地come out 一词多义太阳星星升起，花儿绽放，消息传出，新书出版，均用come out。Module 2Friendship语法剖析活用宾语从句在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。它是众多从句中的一员，在复合句中作主句谓语动词、介词或某些形容词的宾语。.宾语从句的引导词1.陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：My teacher said I was a good boy.老师说我是个好男孩。2.当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：I am not sure if you are right.我不确信你是否正确。3.如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的疑问词引导。如：I want to know where he came from.我想知道他从哪里来。.宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序句式连词语序例句陈述句That不变I think that we can be good friends.一般疑问句if/whether改为陈述语序I cant remember if I posted the letter.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词改为陈述语序He asked who was our English teacher.宾语从句与主句的时态要相互呼应主句是现在或将来时态时，从句可用任何所需要的时态。主句是过去时态时，从句要用表示过去的相应的时态。但如果从句中有明确表示过去的时间状语，则从句应用一般过去时，不用过去完成时；如从句表达的是客观规律或真理时，用一般现在时。如：She said that the earth moves around the sun.她说地球围绕太阳转。【活学活用】 单项选择1）I hope _ it will snow this winter.A. whenB.ifC.whetherD./答案：Dhope 后面应该接that引导的宾语从句，that 在句中没有任何意义，可以省略。2)I dont know _ Mr.Green will come to see us.He will help us with our English.A.whyB.whenC.howD.where答案：A从下文的答语看，上文不知道的应该是“来看我们的原因”。3)I cant remember _ I have seen him before.A.whetherB.whyC.whatD.how答案：A本句表达一种不确定的概念，用whether或if。4)Do you know _？Im going to see him.Sorry，I dont know.A.where does Mr.Li liveB.where did Mr.Li liveC.where Mr.Li livesD.where Mr.Li lived答案：C宾语从句要用陈述语气，排除A、B两项。从句意判断问的是“现在住哪儿？”。5)Where do you think _ he _ the computer？Sorry，I have no idea.A.；boughtB.has；boughtC.did；buyD.does；buy答案：Ado you think是插入语，可以把它去掉，分析句意应该用应用过去时态和陈述语序。6)I cant understand _ he likes computer games so much.A.thatB.whetherC.whyD.where答案：C句意为“我不理解为什么他那么喜欢电脑游戏”。7)(2010北京中考大纲卷)Do you know _ the MP3 player last week?Sorry，I have no idea.A.how much did she pay forB.how much will she pay forC.how much she paid forD.how much she will pay for答案：C宾语从句要用陈述语序，由此排除A、B两项，由last week判断应该用过去时态。8)(2010北京中考大纲卷)I dont know _ tomorrow.Can you tell me?A.when we startedB.when did we startC.when we will startD.when will we start答案：C由tomorrow判断，应该用将来时态表示。典题精讲经典例题例1In the bookshop，a reader asked the shop keeper _ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.A.thatB.howC.whatD.if思路解析：注意本句中斜体部分是一本书的名字谁动了我的奶酪，本句含义是“一个读者问书店管理员这本书是不是有趣”。所以答案是D项。答案：D黑色陷阱：本题的主要陷阱是书名Who Moved My Cheese， 它本身含有一个who,容易给人造成误解。绿色通道：在英语中，注意书名一般都是斜体的，且书名的首字母是大写的，注意把它看成一个独立的完整的东西。例2I was told _ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers.A.that howB.how thatC.when thatD.that when思路解析：注意后面从句的含义是“比尔盖茨十三岁的时候开始玩电脑”，应该用when表示“当时”，本句中的that是宾语从句的引导词。所以选D项。答案：D黑色陷阱：本句结构复杂，主要陷阱设置在when 上，它在本句中起到引导后面的时间状语的作用。绿色通道：做此类题，要慢慢理顺思路，不要钻牛角尖，当一种含义说不通时，从另一个角度或另一个含义考虑。例3(2010江苏苏州中考)I wonder _.Zebras.A.what do they call these animals B.how they call these animalsC.what they call these animals D.how do they call these animals思路解析：本句含义是“我想知道他们叫这些动物什么”，排除B、D两项。另外宾语从句要用陈述语序。所以选C项。答案：C黑色陷阱：本句容易译成“他们怎样称呼这些动物”而错选how，注意本句中隐含句型call sb. sth.含义是“称呼某人”。绿色通道：解答本类题首先分析句意，确定引导词，然后看好语序和时态。例4(2010北京中考)Im different from my twin sister.I love dancing，_ she is interested in reading.A.so B.orC.but D.and思路解析：本句是转折关系，选择C项。答案：C黑色陷阱：本句陷阱在于选项前后都是肯定句形式，不细读题而误选D项。绿色通道：并列句主要是根据句意来判断前后两句的逻辑关系，所以一定要把题读完再作判断。例5(2010重庆中考)Work hard，_ you may catch up with your classmates soon.A.orB.butC.andD.yet思路解析：本句是“祈使句and”的句型，句意为“努力学习，你会很快赶上其他同学的”，and在句中表示承接关系，所以选C项。答案：C黑色陷阱：本题的陷阱是句型，本句型区别于“祈使句or”，这个句型的含义是“，不然的话/否则”。绿色通道：祈使句后面既可以加and，也可以加or，所以要全面分析句意，再作决定。原创题There are more and bigger tree-planting programs(项目）than any other country in the world.Since 1979，March 12th has been Tree Planting Day in China.Between 1982 and 2004，44 billion trees have been planted on 53.4 million hectares(亩）of land.In 2004，2.5 billion trees were planted in China.There are many projects(规划） to protect environment.Here are some examples. In 2001，Korea offered $6 million for a 5-year project to plant trees，starting with a project to prevent soil erosion（侵蚀）at the Miyun Reservoir in Beijings northern suburbs. In 2001 the Japan Bank for International Co-operation put in $ 67.5 million for tree planting projects in Jiangxi Province.They plan to plant 219000 hectares with trees by 2009. Nokia started a “Friendship Forestry” project.5000 people across Chinaemployees of Nokia，its partners and customersplanted trees covering 150000 square meters.They plan to continue and extend the project.根据短文回答问题。1.When is the Tree Planting Day?_.2.How much money did Korea offer for a 5-year project to plant trees?_.3.What is the name of Nokias project to plant trees?_.4.How many trees were planted in 2004 in China?_.思路解析：1.March 12th.从“Since 1979，March 12th has been Tree Planting Day in China.”中可以看出答案。2.It offered $6 million for the project.由第二段第一句描述可知。3.Friendship Forestry4.In 2004，2.5 billion trees were planted in China.黑色陷阱：本题的陷阱主要是数字和一些专有名称较多，容易让人觉得文章很难。绿色通道：做这种题，可以用“地毯式”搜索的方法，同时注意答题尽量规范和完整。巧学法园地学习宾从三注意：时态语序和连词。时态主从要呼应：主句若为现在时，从句时态随句意；主句若为过去时，从句时态变过去；语序要用陈述序，切莫照搬疑问句。that连接陈述句，省与不省没关系。从句若表“是否”时，if，whether 均可替。特殊问句作宾语，仍用原来疑问词。三个问题须记牢，切莫丢东忘了西。Module 3On the radio语法剖析活用动词不定式和动名词作宾语在英语中，介词宾语常用动名词，不用不定式。而动词宾语，有用动名词，有时用不定式，用动名词和不定式意义变化不大，有时意义却相差甚远。有的动词后面只能接动名词作宾语，如：enjoy，mind，miss，finish，practice，suggest，feel like等。I enjoy playing basketball with you.我喜欢和你打篮球。有的动词后面只能接不定式作宾语，如：ask，agree，decide，happen，hope，plan，promise，would like，want等。She promised to return in an hour.她答应一小时后回来。有的动词后面可以接两种形式作宾语，表达的意思有的差别不大，有的差别很大，要根据具体情况区别对待。We should continue learning(to learn).我们应当继续学习。（差别不大）I remember telling him the news.我记得告诉过他这个消息了。(已告诉)Please remember to tell him the news.记得告诉他这个消息。（未告诉）常见的意义差别较大的词：1）remember，forget，regret等接动名词表示动作已经发生，接不定式表示动作尚未发生。2）stop doing 表示“停止做某事”，stop to do表示“停止(某事)开始做另一件事”。3）try doing 试着做，try to do 设法、尽力做某事。4）like，hate，prefer等词后，如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词作宾语；如指特定的或具体某次行动，用不定式时多。【活学活用】 翻译句子1）他停止吸烟了。_答案：He stopped smoking.2）我想要去长城。_答案：I want to go to the Great Wall.3）我许诺要帮他。_答案：I promised to help him.4）让我试着读读它吧。_答案：Let me try reading it.5）我记得把信都寄出去了。_答案：I remember posting the letters.典题精讲经典例题假设你所在的学校要出一期英语壁报，你准备就自己经历的一件事写一篇英语短文向壁报投稿。下面五幅图记录了你上个星期六与老师和同学们到南河边参加植树活动的全过程，请你就以下五幅图写一篇英文短文。注意：1.短文内容要包括所有图画中的主要内容。2.词数：70903.生词提示：桶bucket；锄头hoe参考答案：Last Friday，our teacher told us that we would go to plant trees by the South River the next day.On Saturday morning I got up at six thirty and went to school with a bucket.My classmates were waiting at the school gate with buckets and hoes.When we got to the South River，we began to plant trees on the river bank.On the river bank some students were digging holes，and the others were planting or watering the young trees.After we finished our work，we were happy to see the young trees we planted on the river bank.思路解析：看图要首先确定内容要点：上星期五老师告诉我们“明天去南河边植树”；上星期六（第二天）早上六点半我就起床了；我带着桶去学校，同学们带着桶、锄头在校门口等待；到南河边，我们开始植树（也可描写劳动场面）；看着新种下的树，我们都很高兴。黑色陷阱：注意本文让描述经历过的一件事，所以要用过去时态来陈述整个事件。绿色通道：做看图作文，注意一定要分析好题意，不要跑题，然后确定时态，最后再落笔成文。注意书写过程中要力求规范，不要涂抹。原创题阅读理解The first newspaper in the USA came out in 1690，and was made in Boston and called Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic.It was stopped after a short time.The first lasting newspaper also came from Boston，and was called simply Boston Newsletter.It was published(出版）from 1704 to 1722.The first real newspaper was the New England Courant which started in 1721.By 1783 there were 43 newspapers in the USA and by 1801，about 200.In 1835，James Gordon Bennet started The New York Herald which was Americas first modern newspaper.This was followed six years later by Horace Greeleys New York Tribune, which was the first American newspaper with national influence rather than just local.The New Times followed in 1851.1.Whats the name of Americas first modern newspaper?A.Boston Newsletter.B.The New Times.C.The New York Herald.D.Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic.2.When was the first real newspaper start?A.1690.B.1835.C.1721.D.1851.3.Which newspaper has national influence rather than just local?A.Boston Newsletter.B.New York Tribune.C.The New York Herald.D. Public Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic.4.When was New York Tribune published?A.1783.B.1801.C.1835.D.1841.5.How many newspapers were there by 1801?A.43.B.200.C.6.D.18.思路解析：1.C由第二段第一句话可以看出答案是The New York Herald。2.C从“The first real newspaper was the New England Courant which started in 1721”可以看出第一份真正意义上的报纸出版于1721。3.B从倒数第二句可以看出在全国有影响的是New York Tribune。4.D从文中可以看出New York Tribune在The New York Herald出版六年后出版的，所以应该是1835 年加上六年，答案是D。5.B从第一段末句“By 1783 there were 43 newspapers in the USA and by 1801，about 200.”可以看出，在美国到1783年只有43种报纸，到1801 年，大约有200 种了。黑色陷阱：本题陷阱有两个，一是第4题，问New York Tribune出版的时间，要计算才能得出结果；二是第5题，要真正读懂句意，才能得出答案。绿色通道：做阅读理解时，故事性的要通读全文，找出主旨。说明性的则可以用跳读的方法，查找有用信息，为己所用。巧学法园地巧记跟动名词作宾语的动词英语中有一些动词后面常跟动名词作宾语，初中阶段常见的有：finish,enjoy,mind,miss,be worth,practice等。这些词句可按下面的顺口溜记忆：完成实践值得忙（finish,practice,be worth,be busy）继续习惯别放弃（keep on,be used to,give up）考虑建议不禁想（consider,suggest,cant help,feel like)喜欢思念要介意（enjoy,miss,mind）举例：Would you mind opening the door?你介意把门打开吗？When we heard news,we couldnt help laughing.当我们听到这个消息时，忍不住大笑起来。Module 4New technology语法剖析活用If 从句（1）在英语中，表达“如果”要用if 引导的条件状语从句。首先看一下它的结构：“if 从句祈使句”或“祈使句if 从句”。if引导的是一个完整的句子，一定要有主语。如：If you need help，please call me.如果你需要帮助，请给我打电话。We will go out for a picnic if it is sunny tomorrow.如果明天阳光明媚，我们就外出野餐。【活学活用】 用if连接下面的句子1）She didnt know the way to the station.Ask someone around.答案：If she didnt know the way to the station，ask someone around.2）You are hungry.Go to the KFC.答案：If you are hungry，go to the KFC.3）You dont understand the article.Ask your teacher.答案：If you dont understand the article，ask your teacher.4）You dont know the word.Look it up in the dictionary.答案：If you dont know the word，look it up in the dictionary.5）We get lost.Ask the policeman for help.答案：If we get lost，ask the policeman for help.典题精讲经典例题(2010辽宁十一市中考)Do you believe there are aliens(外星人)? Well，make a phone call and you will know.A group of Americans can help.They made a device(装置）to “talk” to aliens.If you want to talk to an alien，you only need to visit，call 1-900-226-0300 and say:“Hello aliens，this is Earth calling.Can you hear me?” you can say anything you want.But now，they only take phone calls from people in the US.The call is $3.99 every minute.After the hotline began in February，www.TalkToA has got hundreds of calls.There is one call every three minutes.They are also trying to send peoples e-mails，photos and videos into space.1.If you live in America and you want to know whether there are any aliens，_.A.you can make a phone call B.you can go to America for helpC.you can ask any scientist for help D.you can talk to aliens2.www.TalkToA is a place where _.A.you can get some knowledge about aliens B.you can talk to aliensC.the aliens live D.you can make a set of device to talk to aliens3.Which is NOT right?A.Only from the USA can call 1-900-226-0300. B.People from any country can call 1-900-226-0300 now.C.If you call the hotline for two minutes，you should pay $7.98.D.Every three minutes there is someone calling 1-900-226-0300.4.From this article(文章）we know _.A.there is only one call after the hotline began in February B.there are some aliens in the worldC.some Americans are trying to send information about humans into spaceD.if you pay $2.99 for a minute，you can talk to aliens思路解析：1.A文章第一句话以自问自答的方式，告诉了我们如果想要知道有没有外星人的办法打电话。2.B从“If you want to talk to an alien，you only need to visit www.TalkToA”中可以看出，这是一个可以和外星人讲话的地方。3.B从“But now，they only take phone calls from people in the US.”可以看出，不是任何国家的人都可以打这个电话。4.C文章的最后一句话，告诉了我们科学家正尽力把邮件、照片和录像等送入太空。黑色陷阱：第2题中的网址并非我们习惯上的理解查找信息或是资料，而是一个可以与外星人讲话的地方。第3题要注意是选择不对的答案，要审好题。绿色通道：这种科普类的文章，相对来说比较难懂，所以并不需要每句都理解，只要通过跳读的方式找出有用信息，可以带着问题去读文章，例如最后一题，也可以采用排除法把绝对不对的答案排除掉，缩小信息范围。原创题短文改错：(每行有一个错误)It is important working at your computer correctly.1._You should sit in the front of the computer for too long.2._Make sure you take a rest for your eyes or your body.3._You shouldnt sit bad，either.Make sure that4._your chair，desk and computer is in the correct place