2014届英语一轮复习指导课件(命题分析名师精讲强化训练)：语法专题定语从句.ppt

语法突破篇 第八节 定语从句 【命题分析】 定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，是高中阶段 英语学习的一个重点，也是历年高考的热点。 命题者常把重点放在对基本的关系代词和关系 副词的考查上，尤其要注意关系词whose， where，when在定语从句中的用法。另外， which和as引导的非限制性定语从句也是命题 的热点。 【名师精讲】 一、关系代词引导的定语从句关系词指代范围在从句中所作成分 who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从 句可省略) whom人宾语(限制性定语从句可省 略) whose( of whom of which) 人或物定语 which物主语、宾语(限制性定语从 句可省略) that人或物主语、宾语(限制性定语从 句可省略，不引导非限制 性定语从句) as 人或物(在非限制性 定语从句中也可 指代整个句子) 主语、宾语、表语 如： He is a good teacher who is loved by all. 他是一个受大家爱戴的好老师。 Here is the man(whom)you are looking for. 这就是你在找的人。 I saw some trees whose leaves were black with diseases. I saw some trees the leaves of which were black with diseases. 我看见了一些叶子病得发黑了的树。 The film(which/that)we saw last night is wonderful. 昨天晚上我们看的那部电影很精彩。 Is she the girl that sells flowers? 她就是那个卖花的女孩吗？ She has been absent again，as is expected. 她又缺席了，这在预料之中。 二、关系代词that和which的区别 类别说明 只用 that 不用 which 的情 况 先行词是everything，anything，nothing，few，little ，all，some等不定代词时 ，或由不定代词修饰时 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身 就是序数词、形容词最高级时 先行词被the very，the only等修饰时 主句中有who，which等疑问代词时 先行词既有人也有物时 只用 which 不用 that 的情 况 有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which， 另外一个需用that 非限制性定语从句中 关系代词前有介词时 先行词本身是that时 先行词后有插入语时 如： There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. 对他来说世界上好像没有不可能的事。 Who is the man that is reading a newspaper over there? 在那边看报的那个男子是谁呀？ My house，which I bought last year，has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 The reason for which he refused the invitation is not clear. 他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。 三、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句 1介词关系代词中介词的宾语只能是which 或whom。如： The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. 你昨天告诉我的那位绅士证实是一个小偷。 In the dark street，there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。 2当复合介词短语which引导定语从句时， 这种定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开，从句用 倒装语序。如： He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里，房前有一棵 大树。 3ofwhich/whom表示所属关系。(表所属关 系也可用whose)如： Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(whose price)was very reasonable. 最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。 其中关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语 。如： We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。 (as作主语) These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected. (as作宾语)这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。 He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。(as作表语) 注意：(1)such.as.(定语从句)像那样的。 (2)such.that.(状语从句)如此以至于 。如： This is such an easy question as I can answer.(定 语从句) 这是一个我能回答的简单问题。 This is such an easy question that I can answer it.( 状语从句) 这是个如此简单的问题，以至于我能回答它。 五、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别 aswhich as引导非限制性定语 从句，可放在主句 之前，或者主句之 后，甚至可以切割 一个主句 which引导的非限制 性定语从句一般放 在主句之后 as引导的从句表示说 话人对话语 的看法 、态度、解释或评 论，译为 “正如 ” which引导的从句表 示对主句所述事情 进行补充说明，表 明事物存在的状态 或引起的结果，译 为“这一点” 当先行词前有such， the same等修饰时 ， 常用as，不用which 当主句和从句存在逻 辑上的因果关系时 ，常用which；从句 谓语带 有复合宾 语时 常用which 如： As we know，the Great Wall is a famous place. 众所周知，长城是个著名的景点。 The sun heats the earth，which is very important to us. 太阳给地球热量，这一点对我们很重要。 Einstein，as is well known，is a famous scientist. 众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。 Such advice as he was given has proved almost worthless. 他所得到的那点建议结果证明几乎毫无价值。 六、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系词先行 词 从句 成 分 例句 关 系 副 词 when 时间时间 状 语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 我永 远不会忘记我们在那 里见面的那一天。 wher e 地点 地点 状 语 Heathcliff took us upstairs to Zillahs room，where we spent the night， locked in. Heathcliff把我 们弄到楼上Zillah的房 间里，我们被锁在里 面过了一夜。 why原因原因 状 语 I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 我想象不出他拒 绝我的好意的原因。 (2)当先行词是表示时间/地点的名词时，应注 意引导词在定语从句中所作的成分。如： Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao? 你还记得我们一起在青岛度过的日子吗？ Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？ (3)当先行词为case，point，position，situation ，activity，scene，stage等表“情形、状况” 含义的词且关系词在从句中作状语时，常用 where引导定语从句。如： They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须彼此分手的地步。 1(2012大纲全国高考)That evening， _I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late. Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwhen 解析：句意：那天晚上我一直工作到很晚，我 过后会告诉你关于那晚更详细的情况。本题中 两个逗号之间的部分是一个非限制性定语从句 ，关系代词which代替先行词that evening。解 答本题的关键是能够正确分析句子结构。A项 that不能引导非限制性定语从句；C项what不能 引导定语从句；D项when在从句中作状语，不 能作宾语。 答案：B 2(2012安徽高考)A lot of language learning， _has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period. Aas Bit Cwhich Dthis 解析：句意：正如被发现的那样，大量的语言 学习是在人生的第一年发生的，所以父母应当 在那个时期和孩子多说话。该题解题的关键是 理顺句子结构。空白处所在句为非限制性定语 从句，B项和D项可排除。还原后题干结构： _has been discovered，a lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.空格处的关系词指代a lot of language learning is happening in the first year of life这个句子。指代某个句子时，as引导的非 限制性定语从句可后指或前指，而which引导 的从句只能前指。此处为后指，因此A项正确 。 答案：A 3(2012重庆高考)Sales director is a position_communication ability is just as important as sales skills. Awhich Bthat Cwhen Dwhere 解析：句意：导购员是一个沟通能力和销售能 力同样重要的职位。分析题干可知a position后 是一个定语从句，而该从句的引导词在从句中 作地点状语，即in whichin the position where，故选D项。在定语从句中，当position ，point，case，stage，situation等表示抽象地 点的名词充当先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状 语，则用where来引导定语从句。 答案：D 4(2012山东高考)Maria has written two novels，both of_have been made into television series. Athem Bthat Cwhich Dwhat 解析：句意：玛丽娅已写了两部小说，它们都 已被拍成了电视剧。分析题干结构可以看出： Maria has written two novels是一个完整的含“ 主谓宾”的句子。如果后半句也是个完整的句 子的话，那么题干中的两个分句中间缺少连接 词and，故A项不正确。由此不难看出空格处 应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句， which代替先行词two novels。that作关系代词 不能放于介词之后；what不能引导定语从句。 分清句子结构是解答本题的关键。 答案：C 5(2012湖南高考)Care of the soul is a gradual process_even the small details of life should be considered. Awhat Bin what Cwhich Din which 解析：句意：对于心灵的关爱是一个渐进的过 程。在这个过程中，即使是生活的小细节也应 该考虑到。根据主从句之间的关系可知，空格 处所填词引导定语从句，且在从句中作状语， 所以选D项，in which指代in the process。 答案：D 6(2012天津高考)I wish to thank Professor Smith，without_help I would never have got this far. Awho Bwhose Cwhom Dwhich 解析：句意：我想要感谢史密斯教授，没有他 的帮助我就不会走得这么远。whose在定语从 句中作关系代词，表示“的”，句中先行 词为Professor Smith。whose help在句意上相当 于“Professor Smiths help”，whose是关系代 词，引导定语从句。考生容易误选C项，因为 只看到了without whom语意上相当于without Professor Smith，而忽略了题干中的help。若选 C项的话，可去掉题干中的help。牢记定语从 句各种引导词的用法并准确分析句子结构是解 题关键。 答案：B 7(2012江西高考)By 16：30，_was almost closing time，nearly all the paintings had been sold. Awhich Bwhen Cwhat Dthat 解析：句意：到了16：30，差不多是关门的时 间了，几乎所有的画都卖完了。定语从句缺少 主语，使用关系代词which引导。when是关系 副词；what不能引导定语从句；that不能引导 非限制性定语从句。 答案：A 8(2012浙江高考)We live in an age_more information is available with greater ease than ever before. Awhy Bwhen Cto whom Don which 解析：句意：在我们生活的这个时代，有更多 的信息可以比以往任何时候都更加容易获得。 该句为主从复合句，an age为先行词，空格处 引导定语从句并在从句中作时间状语，故用 when。 答案：B 9(2012江苏高考)After the flooding，people were suffering in that area，_urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive. Awhich Bwho Cwhere Dwhat 解析：解答本题的关键是找准先行词。靠近定 语从句的是in that area，考生易错选C项，但定 语从句缺少的是主语，关系副词不能作主语， 可排除。what不能引导定语从句。根据定语从 句的urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive可知，需要干净的水、药品和 避难所的是人(people)，而不是that area或 flooding，所以先行词为人，A项也可排除，故 选B项。 答案：B 10(2012北京高考)When deeply absorbed in work，_he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping. Athat Bwhich Cwhere Dwhen 解析：句意：当他全身心地投入工作中时，他 就会废寝忘食，而他经常这样(全身心地投入 工作)。由引导词前面的逗号可知，这是一个 非限制性定语从句，所以首先排除不能引导非 限制性定语从句的that。由定语从句中的was可 知，定语从句缺少表语，所以排除在定语从句 中作状语的where和when。解答该类题目的关 键在于分析定语从句中所缺的成分。 答案：B 11(2013皖南八校联考)Ive read many stories of Leifeng，_this is the most touching one. Awho Bof which Cof whom Dthat 解析：句意：我读过很多雷锋的故事，其中这 个故事最令人感动。本题考查定语从句用法。 先行词为stories，代入定语从句后为：This is the most touching one of the_stories.由此可见先 行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，先行词 (stories)表示“物”，故排除C项。 答案：B 12On the second floor there are two rooms， _is used as a meeting room. Athe larger of which Bone of them Cthe larger one of that Dthe largest of which 解析：句意：在二楼有两个房间，其中较大的 那个被用做会议室。句中没有连接词，可知逗 号后为定语从句，the larger of whichand the larger of themand the larger of the two rooms 。B项变为and one of them才正确；定语从句中 ，若介词置于引导词前，则不能用that而用 which，所以C项也不正确。 答案：A 13(2013东北四校模拟)Every summer，the beautiful town welcomes top buskers，or street performers，_theyre called，from all over the world. Aas Bthat Cwhich Dwhat 解析：句意：每年夏天，这座美丽的城镇欢迎 来自世界各地的优秀街头艺人，或如人们所称 呼的那样，叫做街头表演者。as正如，符合句 意。 答案：A 14My high school friend，_I havent seen for 20 years，is no longer_he was. Awho；that Bwhich；that Cwhom；what Dthat；what 解析：句意：我中学时的朋友，我已经20年没 见他了，不再是过去的样子了。第一空：空格 前有逗号，可知是非限制性定语从句，所以其 引导词不能用that；先行词指人，故排除which 。第二空：空格后的表语从句中缺表语且表事 物，所以用what。 答案：C 15Reading books，_takes the reader to other worlds，is a wonderful way to enjoy life. Athat Bwhat Cas Dwhich 解析：句意：读书是一种享受生活的好方法， 它把读者带到其他的世界中。本题考查非限制 性定语从句。先行词是reading books，代入定 语从句后为：Reading books takes the reader to other worlds.先行词在定语从句中作主语，且 该从句为非限制性定语从句，故用which引导 。 答案：D 16Sam remembered several occasions in the past_he had experienced a similar feeling. Awhat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhy 解析：句意：Sam想起了从前他有过相同感触 的几个场合。根据句意可知用when(on which)引导定语从句，修饰先行词several occasions，将其代入后为： On_the_several_occasions he had experienced a similar feeling. 答案：C 17Trading leather handbags is the business_the Greens have been devoted over the past decade. Awhat Bwhere Cin which Dto which 解析：句意：卖皮包是格林一家在过去十年里 一直专心从事的生意。根据句子结构可知空格 后为which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the business，将其代入后为：The Greens have been devoted to_the_business over the past decade. 答案：D 18That ebook is no larger than an ordinary book with a screen_you can read novels. Ain which Bof which Cthat Dwhere 解析：句意：那本电子书有一个能读小说的屏 幕，还不如一本普通的书大。根据句子结构可 知空格后为where(on which)引导的定语从句 ，修饰先行词screen，将其代入从句后为： On_the_screen you can read novels. 答案：D 19(2013青岛质检)Ancient Rome was a country_culture influenced the western world for centuries. Awho Bwhich Cwhose Dwhere 解析：句意：古罗马是一个其文化影响西方世 界几个世纪的国家。根据句意及结构可知，空 格后为定语从句，修饰先行词country，culture 同country之间为所属关系，即国家的文化，所 以引导词用whose。 答案：C 20(2013蚌埠模拟)If you come across a word_meaning you have forgotten，please look it up in the dictionary. Ain which Bwhich Cwhose Dthat 解析：考查定语从句。whose引导的定语从句 修饰先行词word，whose meaning可说成：the meaning of which。 答案：C 21(2013池州模拟)The place_the bridge is supposed to be built should be_the cross river traffic is the heaviest. Awhich；where Bat which；which