非谓语动词教三.docx

非谓语动词知识结构框架1. 非谓语动词的含义及种类2. 不定式的含义与作用3. 不定式的时态语态和否定形式（及主动表被动）4. 不定式的省略问题5. 不定式与疑问词的连用6. 不定式的复合结构7. 动名词的含义与作用8. 动名词的时态和语态及否定式9. 动名词复合结构用法10. 分词（现在分词和过去分词）的作用11. 分词的时态和语态12. 分词和不定式作状语的区别13. 分词和不定式作宾语补足语的区别14. 非谓语动词作定语的区别15. 分词逻辑主语与句子主语保持一致的原则及独立结构的用法。课时及其内容安排分为三课时：第一课时：框架1-6第二课时：框架7-11第三课时：框架12-15第三课时内容一、现在分词作状语。1. Walking along the street, I met my friend Lily.2. Being ill, Tony didnt go to school.3. Studying hard, you will catch up with others.4. Failing in the experiment, you could still get some experience.5. I went to visit my grandparents, carrying some fruit and delicious food.【规律】现在分词作状语，句子的主语和分词在逻辑上构成主谓关系。现在分词短语相当于状语从句，可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。1. 表示时间。现在分词作时间状语时，相当于when或while引导的从句。如：在句1中，Walking along the street, . = When / While I was walking along the street, .2. 表示原因。现在分词作原因状语时，相当于as, since, because引导的原因状语从句。如：在句2中，Being ill, . = Because Tony was ill, .3. 表示条件。现在分词作条件状语时，相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句。如：在句3中，Studying hard, . = If you study hard, .4. 表示让步。现在分词作让步状语时，相当于although, though, even if或even though等引导的让步状语从句。如：在句4中，Failing in the experiment, . = Although you failed in the experiment, .5. 表示方式或伴随。现在分词作方式状语或伴随状语时，不能用状语从句来代替，但可以写成并列句。如：在句5中，., carrying some fruit and . = ., and I carried some fruit and .【注意】现在分词作状语时除了可以表示上述的五种情况外，还可表示结果、补充说明。如：1. He got up late, thus being late for the first lesson.（现在分词表示结果）2. Please hand in your homework, writing down your name and your number.（现在分词表示补充说明）二、现在分词的完成式1. Having worked hard for so many years, Mr Black wanted to retire.2. Having finished my housework, I went out for a walk.【规律】现在分词完成式表示的动作一般在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生或完成。如：句1、2。三、现在分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同1. The sun rising, the students began going to school.2. Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic this weekend.3. With the girl guiding, we finally saw the painter.【规律】1. 当现在分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致时，分词短语的逻辑主语不能省略，此时这种结构称为独立主格结构，可以表示时间、原因、条件等。如：句1、2。2.“with+宾语+宾语补足语（现在分词）”的独立结构也可以表示伴随、原因等。如：句3。一、过去分词作定语1. Polluted air and water are harmful to peoples health, so we must protect them against being polluted. 2. Yesterday I saw in the newspaper a teaching post advertised (= which / that was advertised) at a school close to my home and I wanted to apply for it. 3. The experience gained (= that has been gained) will be of great value to me.4. Im going to buy some used furniture tomorrow, because it is relatively cheaper.5. The interesting book used for some children to read at bedtime can be bought in this store. 6. The excited people finally cooleddown at midnight.7. He didnt notice the surprised look on her face. 8. Andy knew nothing of the investigation being held.9. Nancy prepared several Englishpoems to be recited at the party.【规律】过去分词是英语语法中一个重要的语法现象，它的一个主要特征是：过去分词和句子的主语或句中的某个名词之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，过去分词也表示完成了的动作。过去分词作定语时：1. 单个的过去分词作定语，一般要放在名词前。如句1。过去分词作定语，既表示被动，又表示完成；如果是过去分词短语作定语，要放在名词的后面，相当于一个含有被动语态的定语从句。如句2。用作这种定语的多数是一个过去分词短语，但在个别情况下也有单个的过去分词在名词后面作定语。如句3。2. 有些过去分词已完全形容词化，作前置定语时，与其作后置定语时意思完全不同。如句4中used表示“旧的”；句5中used表示“被用于”。3. 一些表示情感、情绪的过去分词如terrified, surprised, astonished, excited, disappointed, moved, shocked 等作前置定语时，可以用来修饰人，也可用来修饰look, expression 或voice等。如句6中指人因外界事物的影响而激动；句7中的look指因外界事物的影响而呈现出吃惊的样子。4. 作定语用的过去分词通常指已经完成的动作，如果要表示现在正进行的动作要用过去分词的进行形式。如句8。如果指未来的情况，要用不定式的被动形式。如句9。二、过去分词作表语1. The bowl is broken. Dont touch it, or you will hurt yourself. 2. The cup was broken by the naughty boy.3. We were given a lesson in the teachers office yesterday afternoon. 4. Professor Bruce looked very worried about the news. 5. Please get up and get dressed. There is only five minutes left. 6. All the audience got excited at seeing the Chinese Team score. 7. When I came into the classroom, the two boys remained seated.8. Mr Brown looked surprised to hear you say that.【规律】过去分词作表语，主要跟在系动词be或连系动词look, sound, smell, taste, feel, remain, stay或get后面。1. 过去分词作表语与被动结构的区别：被动语态和be + 过去分词作表语的形式完全一样，有时很难区分其究竟是被动结构还是“主系表”结构。可以根据下面两点来判断：(1) 被动语态表示动作，可以有动作的执行者，即可以有by短语。有时虽然省略了该短语，但通过上下文可以判断出动作的执行者是谁。而主系表结构只表示状态，其中的过去分词只相当于一个形容词，并且没有动作的执行者，也不能有by短语。如句1是主系表结构；句2是被动结构。(2) 凡是有时间、地点或方式状语的句子一般是被动语态句；而主系表结构总是简单的系动词 + 过去分词结构。如句3是被动结构；句4是主系表结构。 2. get 后的系表结构，即get done表示某种结果。如：get dressed穿衣；get changed换衣服；get lost 迷路；get married 结婚；get excited激动；get drunk喝醉等。如句5、6。3. remain, sound, look等后接过去分词作表语时，表示主语的状态或状况。如句7、8。一、过去分词作宾补结构的谓语动词1. They kept the door locked for a long time.2. Bill had his bike repaired yesterday.3. Be careful, or youll have your mobile stolen. 4. Tom had the wall painted last week.5. The teacher makes the sentenceunderstood by using a very detailed explanation6. The father wants his daughter (to be) taught the piano. 7. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.8. The thief was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.【规律】1. 表示状态的动词keep，leave等。如句1。2. 使役动词。这类动词包括：make，get，have等。 (1) have +宾语+过去分词的三种用法： 表示让某事由某人做，如句2，表示是 别人“维修”。 表示遭遇到某种不幸，如句3，表示手机“被偷”。 完成某事(自己可能参与)，如句4。(2) make +宾语+过去分词结构中，过去分词必须是表示结果含义的。如句5。3. 表示希望、要求、命令等的动词，包括like, want, wish, order, expect等。如句6。4. 表示感觉和心理状态的动词see, hear, find, think, feel等。如句7。5.“with 宾语过去分词”结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语。该结构在句中常作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。如句8。二、过去分词和现在分词作宾补的区别1. I found him lying on the grass just now.2. I found him knocked down by a car. 3. She found the door broken when she came back.【规律】现在分词作宾补与宾语是主动关系，其动作与谓语动作同时进行；过去分词作宾补与宾语之间是被动关系，其动作一般先于谓语动作。它们的区别主要表现在语态和时间关系上。宾语与现在分词是主动关系，如句1，him与 lie 之间是主动关系；lie这一动作与谓语动词同时进行。宾语与过去分词是被动关系，如句2，him与 knock down之间是被动关系。注意：过去分词可作宾语补足语，多和宾语构成逻辑上的被动关系，表示完成和被动意义，或仅表示一种状态，或兼而有之。如句3，句中的过去分词broken作宾语补足语，与宾语door之间具有被动关系，表示一种状态。一、过去分词的用法1. Is there anything changed in the plan?2. The city, struck by the earthquake last night, is now in ruins.【规律】1. 单个过去分词作定语时常放在被修饰的名词前，如：a broken window。但当被修饰词是something，anything，everything，nothing等不定代词时，过去分词应放在这些词后作后置定语。如句1。2. 过去分词短语作