定语从句(高中)高考题举例待整理.doc

定语从句（以高考考点脉络）定义He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)语序 例句关系词 代 Who Whom which that Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which) as 副（从句句子单独成立）when where why（以上为初中简单回顾）分类 限制性修饰限定 非限制性补充说明，与主句用逗号分开He has two sons, who work in the same company. (he has only two sons.)识点归纳（高考考点） 1.关系词基本的使用2.whose 与 of which of whom不可以转换的情况 (区别)of which of whom后的名词如果有定冠词修饰则可以转换，否则只用whose 3.只用that 不用which ;which 不用that情况 4.that why不能引导非限制性定语从句; Who Whom Whose when where 引导限制性与非限制性定语从句是一样的 5. which引导的非限制性定语从句(试讲的重点的一块知识)关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。 which指代主句中的名词，如：She is an artist，which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。 which指代主句中的形容词。如：She is always careless，which we should not be. 她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。 which指代主句中的某个从句。如：He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。 which指代整个主句。如：He won the game, which made me surprised.In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术。历年高考题:(2009,全国)My friend showed me round the town, _A_was very kind of him.A which B that C where D it 6.as限定与非限定在定语从句里，as既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。 as在两个里面都是作关系代词。（1）as引导限定性定语从句，多与the same/such/so搭配使用。 e.g. I have got into the same trouble as he has. （2）非限定性定语从句：用法同which（不能放句首），用来指代前面的句子（而非先行词），多与know/expect/see搭配使用,在句中位置灵活（句首句中句尾）。e.g.As we know, smoking does harm to our health. 另：which和as的区别 A. which不能放句首（The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.) B. as如果在从句中作主语，后面的谓语动词必须是系动词。(It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.这边就不能用as来代替which，因为prevent是行为动词） C. 从句中含否定含义的词用which7.介词和关系代词（只能是which whom） 限制与非限制性为表述清楚有时也会有在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。关系代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved. 他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。They thanked Tom，without whose support they would not have succeeded.他们对汤姆表示了感谢，因为没有他的支持他们就不会成功。These new neighbors，to whom I was introduced yesterday，have come here from Beijing. 这些邻居是北京来的，昨天我被介绍同他们认识了。介词加关系副词的情况高考题举例：8.“名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导的非限制性定语从句It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation. 现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per second.世界上光的速度是最快的，其速度是每秒三十万公里。There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women. 这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。9.定语从句与强调句的区别以下为定语从句的一些资料非限制性定语从句 (1) who引导的非限制性定语从句Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。Then he met Mary，who invited him to a party.后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。(2) whom引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：Peter, whom you mey in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。(3) whose引导的非限制性定语从句whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。(4) which引导的非限制性定语从句关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。 which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。She is an artist，which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。Water，which is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。 which指代主句中的形容词。如：She was very patient towards the children，which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。She is always careless，which we should not be. 她总是马虎大意，我们可不应该这样。 which指代主句中的某个从句。如：He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。 which指代整个主句。如：In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术。When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping. 他经常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。(5) when引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。如：He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。(6) where引导的非限制性定语从句关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。如：They went to London，where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.他们昨天抵达那里, 有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。(7) as引导的非限制性定语从句as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。但通常用于像as we allaknow, as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如， 就像”之意。 如：As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。（as在从句中作主语）He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. 他忘了带笔，这是常事。（as在从句中作主语）He is absorbed in work, as he often was. 他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。（as在从句中作表语）Boy as he was， he was chosen king. 他虽是孩子，却被选为国王。（as在从句中作表语）as we all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。 （as在从句中作宾语）The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。(as在从句中作主语)Taiwan is，as you know，an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as在从句中作宾语)(8)“介词+关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句(9)“名词/代词+of+which / whom”引导的非限制性定语从句It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation. 现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per second.世界上光的速度是最快的，其速度是每秒三十万公里。There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cent of whom are women. 这家纺织厂有8千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。定语从句（简练 ）用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。 一词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 代替人 代替物 代替人或物主语 Who which that宾语 Whom which that定语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which) 例1：This is the detective who came from London. 例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.2关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如： (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如： There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。 (6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。 (8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如： Is there anyone here who will go with you?3“介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构 (1) “介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 (2) from where为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town. (3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如： This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二关系副词引导的定语从句 1关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 2. that可引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因 That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1二者差异比较 限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。 2关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 (1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。 3. 先行词与定语从句隔离 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如： 1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about. 2) He was the only person in this country who was invited四As在定语从句中的用法 1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 （1）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 （2）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. 3）the same that与 the same as在意思上是不同的。 2As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： (1) As is expected, the England team won the football match. (2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.众所周知, 定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。下面结合考例谈谈学习运用非限制性定语从句时应注意的几个问题： 一、that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。如： 【考例一】She heard the terrible noise, _brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 【解析】选B。后半句为非限制性定语从句，尽管先行词noise属于事物，也不能用that而要用which来引导。which指代noise，在从句中作主语。 二、除which外，还可用when，where，whose，whom等引导非限制性定语从句，且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句时相同。如： Next month, when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。(关系副词when指代表示时间的名词next month，并作从句的状语。) She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳门去居住，在那里她有几个密友。 (关系副词where指代表示地点的名词Macao，并在从句中作状语。) 【考例二】Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 【解析】选B。whose在从句中作表示所属关系的定语，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物时，常可转换为of which；指人时常可转换为of whom。 【考例三】 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm,_many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which time 【解析】 先行词5:30 pm与time之间是一种同位关系，可用which来作定语替代。从句中的完成状态，常与by短语连用。故选D。 三、在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。如： He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother. 他迫切地想到医院去看望他的继母，他把继母当自己的亲妈妈一样爱戴。 四、非限制性定语从句的关系代词which，既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。如： 【考例四】 Dorothy was always spe