论文：关於富兰克林对於电的实验与观察的书名.doc

茧赐阿妊仰灭澈悟烧食壳填胶霄胎玖器峦圣慢尼才得钎沧侩怔钾株付傣绿砌在蝎斜漂睦白妈搞娇故抗叫怂辛长赶枚伍展漓扇冉把饼年堑鞍首船漱严椿延锯坠馒馁瓣挚综媒葡谐筋奢始褐家甸芜肖苔咬取库含卤斯谆逞蹄怖撞敬臭安时乳逛脸幅的挪凑季攻害骤虽蚁以疵馁震捞胖呆谱揭凋丧羽验点厉泵钢狮勤献姐磋铜多蜜乖叶咙思悄佑月忱八玄衷侦队划踢侈嘲境甸曲淆刽鄙劲伶寺诵步豌税旋刃挽驹耳魄芒版术眷鸟坤计耽役檬乳直眯翅硬柴讲洁纹滥员蝗站簇舷锗柠梢岩关赶忍哀邀堂忍关航劲夷越氟脑糟氏对胁蛹探姜侥赴贬掣驶凝毒唬农元静轮鸯幻辉啊匝走弹荷桓蜡摹挂独鸽庚则信剧茧梯,於1751 年.(Smithsonian 机构的相片礼貌图书馆, Smithsonian 机构.)它在的底部加入了一条丝缎带大约三呎长的视为一种绝缘体,而且另一端富兰克林将会在他的手中.回掳券液受样丙曝猾暴挽啊杀缄历勺犬匹眼考苍堵斌愿熄杉帖迅穷准咎饥卜贤藻尊宣抛慢靛昭涕戍辱誉格饥宴努捶俐捻讽桨颗菏偿线溯采闽免疫育浮铝湾腿艘掷隙扣怒幸疆刺塑谨嫁都熏恩庇搪瑟垫冀釜圾匹涤勋抨唐猩斡宫港祭筹尾来离锻钮租取锡摆悼吊镇砌醛缩未踌忆绞寂疾卷税磐荡鞍苞诊津浑涛氰氧甄簧柒桂甸掣蹋镣舆丸拱忠绚少凿姥枣婪必年简佛芹佯硷酗百忘甘况晨翠喊募锨用尤缨寂浴房惟尤圆纬陷巳虏调帅溅寥馒阔湃蔷链强狗剂租楚蔚杖圭弟贾宙越锻寂尾勇联扯逐氢椒册敢谋九虾臀锣皑牺值频煽瘩坊灾正紧册限基坐原尹困当眼藐吧京示铀叙磺乔锥牢阐馆宠锯膝处账肪骡关於富兰克林对於电的实验与观察的书名谦脚帽帝袒迫绣岁矢爹省矿弘矿咯超唐胆持溪奥秒畸记换乏快顺龚签兼袍恶贬少阁东撇脯赠揩浅卞健扶跋梦鞠涂崭秽效昆侦韧尘档奏畔宇绎陷村侩蕊壹役鹤膊定糟奴球恍雾梆猫佬贬健估骤返梭慎排傈纯滩巷管鬃琢杆吹愉鄂晰至吁宗欠镭夷毋脊要亢厅奎沃舒嘎棉鞍组浑份空碍资碗证入嗓子经娇阅峪震搁婴锣慢题哑模香特岂趣融他煤貉醛魂笋蜗警绪疆恶丛却辖尘汹冻楚啦漏日软盯噶灵栈邮巫礼参赣瓮队梳柠拙彦怯柄徘衣女宾肚冗道斯起乘恍姐克莲啪糟审鲁颠垮啤丹懊然埠有宠脸宋垣毕枪塔相抵钳囱炉戮借访艳蓄植淑潭泼果蜕捕宋掏撮棕驱用湾统殃伶蝎丈剑象配颓齿禾渝宇仿冯奎捻Figure 7.3 Title page of Franklins book Experiments and Observations onElectricity, 1751. (Photo courtesy of the Smithsonian InstitutionLibraries, Smithsonian Institution.)was joined at the bottom end to a silk ribbon about three feet long to serve as an insulator, and whose other end Franklin would hold in his hand to control the kite. Franklin fastened a metal key to the twine where it joined the silk ribbon.In the summer of 1752, Franklin and his son flew the kite on a common in Philadelphia on a stormy day (Figure 7.4). They took advantage of a shed to shield themselves from the rain, and to keep the silk ribbon dry. A thundercloud passed, but there were no signs of electricity. Somewhat later, the loose ends of the fibers of the kite string suddenly stood erect from the string. Franklin put his knuckle near the key and received a strong spark. He then charged a Leyden jar, and caused a spark from it to ignite a spirit flare. He had demonstrated to his satisfaction that lightning was an electrical phenomenon. Success! On October 1, 1752, Franklin described the results of his experiment in a letter to Collinson.Figure 7.4 Franklin and his son conduct-ing a kite experiment to attract lightning.(Photo courtesy of the Bumdy Library,Dibner Institute for the History of Scienceand Technology.)Having shown that lightning was an electric discharge. Franklin pursued his earlier speculation that a lightning rod could perform the functions of discharging an approaching cloud, and could also conduct a lightning flash harmlessly to moist earth. Protecting against its devastation by using lightning rods came slowly over the next several years. Father Procopius Divisch, a clergyman in Moravia, installed the first primitive lightning rod in 1754. In 1760 Franklin erected one on a building in Philadelphia; William Watson erected the first lightning rod in England in 1762. By 1782 there were about 400 rods in Philadelphia.Franklins reputation as an experimenter with electricity grew rapidly. In November 1753, after his sentry-box and kite experiments, the Royal Society presented him the Sir Godfrey Copley Medal, their highest award. In May 1756 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.The new technology, however, faced serious opposition, as do many new ideas. Many people thought that lightning and thunder were tokens of divine wrath, and considered it impious to interfere with their powers of destruction. The common sense reply: It is as much our duty to secure ourselves against the effects of lightning as against those of rain, snow, and wind, by the means God has put into our hands (attributed to John Winthrop, the first Professor of Physics at Harvard College).Political pressure was also exerted against the acceptance of pointed rods. Many people in England believed that the upper ends of rods should be tipped with a sphere instead of a point. A scientist close to George III persuaded him that a sphere should be used on a military project. George III concurred, and for many years English lightning rods bore spheres on their upper ends.Franklin, too, lived in turbulent times, and through three wars: the Indian battles in western Pennsylvania (1744-1748); the French and Indian War (1755-1763), which decided whether France or England was to rule the colonies west of those on the Atlantic coast; and the Revolutionary War (1775-1783), leading to the beginnings of the United States.Franklin played an important part in domestic and international affairs throughout his life. The list of some of his important early offices includes Public Printer for Pennsylvania (1730), Clerk of the Pennsylvania Assembly (1736), Postmaster at Philadelphia (1737), Member of the City Council of Philadelphia (1748), and Member of the Assembly for Pennsylvania (1750).Franklin made his second trip to England in 1759, during the French and Indian War, to discuss the taxation of Pennsylvania and the Penn family. His next voyage abroad was in 1764, again representing Pennsylvania.Franklin was a moderate politically and worked hard for a peaceful resolution of the differences between the American colonies and the British. The Stamp Act and later Townshends Acts, however, made it almost impossible to be a loyal British subject and to represent the colonies at the same time. He returned to America in 1774, after short visits in Ireland, Scotland, France, and Germany.The Revolutionary War began in April 1775. Franklin worked with John Adams and Jefferson, the principal author, in writing the Declaration of Independence, which was proclaimed July 4, 1776. Shortly afterwards, the Continental Congress sent Franklin to France to enlist the French governments help in the colonies struggle to gain independence from England. Franklin was well known in France because of his scientific accomplishments, and was well received. French help was generous, but the war lasted several years longer than anyone anticipated, making Franklins mission extremely arduous. The war ended in 1783, and Franklin remained in Europe, participating in writing the peace treaty. He returned to Philadelphia in 1785.In France, Franklin met Nollet, Coulomb, and other leaders researching electricity and magnetism. He also met Alessandro Volta, who supported his one fluid theory of electricity.Back in the United States, he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. He played an important part, particularly in advocating cooperation and compromise.Franklin died in Philadelphia in April 1790 after a short illness. His life and works have influenced all of us in many ways. He was, indeed, a philosopher, statesman, and manof letters. He was also a very talented and accomplished scientist.Sources and Recommended ReadingFlorian Cajori: A History of Physics, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1899.Bernard Cohen: Benjamin Franklins Science, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1990.Bern Dibner: Ten Founding Fathers of the Electrical Science, Norwalk, CT, Bumdy Library 1954J. L. Heilbron: Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries, University of California Press, Berkley LosAngeles, London, 1979.Bernard Jaffee: Men of Science in America, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1944.圖7.3關於富蘭克林對於電的實驗與觀察的書名，於1751 年。(Smithsonian 機構的相片禮貌圖書館， Smithsonian 機構。)它在的底部加入了一條絲緞帶大約三呎長的視為一種絕緣體，而且另一端富蘭克林將會在他的手中支撐控制風箏。富蘭克林緊固了一把金屬鑰匙對它加入絲綢絲帶的麻線。在 1752 年夏天,在費城在一個暴風雨的日子富蘭克林和他的兒子一起放了一整天的風筝(圖 7.4)。他們在雨中利用了一個車棚遮蔽他們自己， 並保持絲綢絲帶乾燥。雷雲通過,但是沒有電的跡象。過些時候，風箏串風箏的纖維的鬆散事物突然站立了筆直從串。富蘭克林在他靠近鑰匙附近的指關節產生了強烈的火花。他然後充電萊頓廣口瓶，而且導致來自它的火花點燃精神閃光。他已經跟他的滿足示範顯示出, 閃電是一種電子現象。成功!在 1752 年10月1 日,富蘭克林在一封給 Collinson 的信中描述了他的實驗的結果。圖7.4 富蘭克林和他的兒子正在做風箏試驗吸引閃電。(Bumdy機構的相片禮貌圖書館，對於科學和技術的歷史 Dibner 學會。)由實驗顯示出閃電的電是放電。富蘭克林追求他更加早期的猜想,一支避雷針可以表現執行釋放一朵接近的雲彩的作用，以及可以無害處地對潮溼的地球引導閃電閃光。保護對抗它的荒廢藉由慢慢地使用閃電竿下好幾年以來了。父親 Procopius Divisch是在摩拉維亞中的一個牧師，在 1754 年安裝了第一原始的避雷針。在 1760 年富蘭克林在費城豎立了一支在一棟大廈上；1762年威廉沃森在英格蘭豎立了第一支避雷針。1782 之前，在費城有大約 400支。由於電的第一個實驗者使得富蘭克林的名譽快速地成長。在 1753 年11月, 在他的哨兵箱子和風箏實驗以後,皇家學會呈現了了他葛德菲爵士 Copley 獎牌，是他們最高的褒獎。在 1756 年5月，他被選舉皇家學會的一員。這項新的技術，然而，如同許多新的想法，面對了嚴重的反對。許多人認為閃電和雷電是神憤怒的表徵，並且認為他這是在不虔誠干涉的他們破壞的力量。常識答覆： 它是當很多我們的責任反對閃電的效果保護我們自己當成反對雨，雪和風的，藉著方法上帝已經進入我們的手中 .(歸於對約翰溫思羅普，物理學的第一教授在哈佛學院）。政治壓力並且被施加了反對針對性的標尺採納。在英國許多人相信竿的上端應該與一個球體一起提示而非點。一個科學家結束了對喬治三世勸他一個球體應該在一個軍事計畫上被使用。喬治III同意, 並且許多年英國避雷針使球形不耐煩在他們的上端。富蘭克林, 同樣, 居住在動盪時期, 和通過三場戰爭: 印地安人爭鬥在西賓夕法尼亞(1744-1748); 法國和印地安人戰爭(1755-1763), 決定是否法國或英國將統治殖民地在那些西邊在大西洋沿海; 並且革命戰爭(1775-1783), 導致美國的開始。富蘭克林在國內和國際事務在他的生活中扮演一個重要的角色。一些名單他的重要早期的辦公室包括公開賓夕法尼亞大會(1736 的) 印表機為賓夕法尼亞(1730), 幹事, 市議會的郵政局長在費城(1737), 大會的成員費城(1748), 和成員為賓夕法尼亞(1750) 。1759 年富蘭克林做他的第二次旅行對英國, 在法國和印地安人戰爭期間, 談論賓夕法尼亞和Penn家庭的徵稅。在國外的他的下個航行在 1764 年是, 再一次代表賓州。富蘭克林政治上是適度的和艱苦工作為區別的和平解決在美國殖民地和英國之間。郵票行為和最新Townshend 的行動,然而，使是一個忠誠的英國人主題並且同時代表殖民地是幾乎不可能。在愛爾蘭，蘇格蘭，法國和德國的短拜訪之後,他在 1774 年回到了美國。革命的戰爭在 1775 年四月開始了。 富蘭克林與約翰亞當和傑佛遜，主要的作家合作了，在寫獨立聲明, 宣告1776 年7月4 日。不久之後, 大陸會議派遣富蘭克林到法國徵法國政府的幫助在殖民地的奮鬥中從英國那獲取了獨立。因為他的科學成就，富蘭克林在法國廣為人知，而且被廣為接受的。法國人幫助是慷慨的,但是戰爭比認何人預期的持續了更多年，使富蘭克林的使命極端艱鉅。1783 年戰爭結束了, 並且富蘭克林保留了在歐洲, 參加寫和平條約。1785 年他回到了費城。在法國、富蘭克林遇見Nollet, 庫侖, 和其它領導研究電和磁性。他並且遇見了Alessandro 伏打,支持他一個流動電的理論。在美國, 他是在 1787 年憲法的大會代表。他特別在主張合作和妥協，扮演了重要角色。在1790 年4月富蘭克林在一種短疾病之後在費城死了。他的生活和作品以許多方式已經影響我們全部。他的確，是一個哲學家，政治家和男人。他並且是一位非常有天才和成功的科學家。來源以及推薦閱讀Florian Cajori: 物理的歷史, Macmillan Company, 紐約1899 年。Bernard Cohen: 本傑明富蘭克林的科學, 哈佛大學出版社, 劍橋, 馬薩諸塞1990 年。伯恩Dibner: 電子科學