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四级语法讲座 第一讲,丢分原因: 1、基本语法概念不清楚; 2、答题中找不到考点; 3、复习时不知道要覆盖哪些内容。,语法结构,做好语法题的关键,1.看清考点(通常是根据选项的形式); 2.在题中寻找线索; 3.再去与相应的语法概念联系起来。如: If I _ harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now. (02/12/35) A) worked B) were to work C) had worked D) were working,C,解析,根据四个选项可以看出)这是考动词的时态的,这类题可包括时态题和虚拟语气题;)接下来去寻找线索,一眼可以看出前面的If;)再去看主句中用了would be sitting,此时可以肯定这是一道非真实条件的虚拟语气题再下来就得小心一点了,根据主句中的would+动词原形,似乎是一般现在时或一般将来时的虚拟语气,似乎要选A)或B)了。但究竟是哪一个呢?此时不仅要注意到主句中的“now”,还要看从句中的“at school”,所以这是一个错综时间的条件句,正确的答案是C)。,四级重点语法项目,四级考试中的重点语法项是: (星号表示其重要级别),虚拟语气* 非谓语动词* 定语从句* 名词性从句* 状语从句* 主谓一致*,时态* 情态动词* 倒装* 比较用法* 强调句型* 特殊句型*,重点一 虚拟语气,重点一 虚拟语气,I应试策略 虚拟语气可以说是四级考试中No.1重要的语法项,考查的重中之重是错综时间类型、含蓄条件类型、意愿类型和几个特殊的句型。 虚拟语气题的特点是:四个选项可能是过去时、过去完成时、动词原形,再加上一个其它的干扰项,如进行时(将考生的注意力引向时态)、分词或不定式(将考生的注意力引向非谓语动词)等。做题时要善于发现线索。,II. 基本概念,虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式,用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况,以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况,大致分为以下几种:,一、 含有非真实条件的虚拟语气,a. 普通非真实条件句的虚拟语气的形式,例句,现在 If I were free today, I would go shopping with you. 过去 If I had been free yesterday, I would have gone shopping with you. 将来 If I were to be free tomorrow, I might go shopping with you.,注意:,1. 在正式用法中,从句中第一/三人称的过去式不用was,而要用were。例如: If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 2. 条件句中如省略if,要用倒装句型。 例如: Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do? (万一黑死病再次出现,我们该怎么办?),b. 错综时间的条件句,是难点,如99年1月第60题: If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldnt be smiling now.(从句用过去完成时,主句用现在进行时) 又如:If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在,主句虚拟过去) If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去,主句虚拟将来); If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去,主句虚拟现在),c. 省略条件句的含蓄条件句,如: I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill. (=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.) A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.),d. 介词短语等表示虚拟条件,介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件,例如: Without electricity, there would be no modern industry. 没有电就不会有现代工业。 But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment. 没有你们的帮助,我们的实验时不可能成功的。,E.其它表示假设条件,“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”或“But that+从句”表示假设条件。 例如: Were it not for their assistance, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. Had it not been for the reservoir, wed never have been able to beat the drought. But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it.,二、 含有意愿成份的虚拟语气,这类虚拟语气中要用shoud+动词原形的结构,但在考试中几乎100%省略should。 理解和答好这类试题更多的是要靠头脑,去分析这个句子是否表达的是一种意愿(命令、要求、建议)。 分类说明:,由表达意愿的动词 引起的宾语从句,这类虚拟语气在四级中几乎是不考的,但是是基础。这种词很多,主语是以人为主体的名词或代词,主要是分析它们表达的意愿语气。常见的有: 表建议:advice, suggest, recommend, propose, hint 表要求:request, require, ask, urge 表命令:order, demand, direct, command 其它: insist,注意,需要特别注意的是,suggest并不永远引起虚拟语气,它在表示indicate(表明)的意思时(此时它的主语多是物,但也不一定),后面的从句要用陈述语气,如: When I suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free drink, Mr Thompson shook his head. 当我暗示说,这准是某些村民进来偷喝的,汤普森先生摇摇头。 The recent movement of the army suggests that they will launch an attack. 军队的最近调动表明他们将要发起进攻了。,b. 上述动词的名词后跟同位语从句或表语从句,例如: The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句) 邀请他的建议被否决了。 Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. (用于表语从句) 他们的要求是工资增加20%。,c. 主语从句,其结构通常为“It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句(用虚拟语气)”,这里可分为三种情况: 1. 表语是上述动词的过去分词。这相当于把宾语从句倒过来作主语从句; It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. 根据命令,那些药品必须空运到这儿。 2. 表语是上述动词的同根形容词,常见的有advisable, desirable和demanding 3. 表语是一些表示情态的形容词,表面上与那些动词无关,但实际表达的是一种意愿。如:,表语是一些表示情态的形容词:,It is essential that we should take immediate actions. 我们得马上采取行动。 这类题较隐蔽,错误率很高,要注意分析。常用的有: appropriate(合适的), compulsory(强制的), crucial(紧要的),desirable(理想的), essential(必要的), imperative(迫切的), important(重要的), improper(不合适的), natural(自然的), obligatory(必须履行的), preferable(更好的), proper(合适的), strange(奇怪的)urgent(紧迫的), vital(至关重要的)等。,d. 一些形容词的宾语从句,出现在主系表结构中,主语是人,表语是几个能表达意愿的形容词。如: We are anxious that the goods should be delivered on time. They are quiet eager that we should give them a prompt answer.,三、几个特殊的虚拟语气句型,1. it be () time that 表示“到的时间了”;如: It is high time that you went to bed. 2. would rather/sooner that 表示“我宁可” Id rather that we had no English exams. 上面两个句型中的that从句中的动词都要用过去式。 3. 在正式用法中,由lest/for fear that/in case引导的从句中,要用should(可省略)+动词原形的结构。 They took their guns with them lest they should run into animals.,四级真题,历届四级考试中的虚拟语气试题,III. 历届四级考试中的虚拟语气试题,1. That tree looked as if it _ for a long time. (93/1/52) A) hasnt watered B) didnt water C) hadnt been watered D) wasnt watered 题意:那棵树看上去好象很久没浇水了。 解析:as if 引导的方式状语从句,主句用过去时,从句用过去完成时, 故选C。,2. Its necessary _ the dictionary immediately. (93/1/68),A) that he will return B) that he returned C) that he return D) that he has to return 题意:他立刻归还字典是很有必要的。 解析:“it is/was + 形容词+主语从句”中的虚拟语气的 动词形式用省略should的动词形式, 故选C。 3. We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans. (93/6/48) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed 题意:我们希望旅游团的领队能立刻通知计划的一些改 变。 解析:desire引导的宾语从句中动词应用虚拟形式 should +动词原形或省略should,故选A。,4. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice. (93/6/70) A) follow B) had followed C) would follow D) have followed 题意:瞧瞧我这糟糕的处境!要是我听从你的建议就好了。 解析:if only引导的句子如果与过去事实相反,动词就用过去完成时,即had + 过去分词,故选B。 5.The manager of the hotel requests that their guests_ after 11:00 p.m. (94/1/65) not to play loud music B) shouldnt play loud music C) dont play loud music D) couldnt play music 题意:酒店老板要求客人晚上11点之后不得播放嘈闹的音乐。 解析:request引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形,should可以省略,故选B。,6._for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (95/1/47) Not being for B) Had it not been C) Without being D) Not having been 题意:要不是我病了的话,我会帮他一把的。 解析:“had not been for +宾语”表示假设条件,相当于“if it had not been for”,意思是“要不是,如果不是”,故选 B。 7.To be frank, Id rather you_ in the case. (95/1/61) will not be involved B) not involved C) not to be involved D) were not involved 题意:说实话,我宁愿你不要卷入这起案件中。 解析:would rather +that从句的虚拟语气用过去式,故选 D。,8.It is recommended that the project _until all the preparations have been made. (95/6/44) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started 题意:据建议这项工程在所有的准备工作就绪之前不应动 工。 解析:“it is + 过去分词+ that从句”的虚拟语气形式用 should+动词原形或省略should的动词原型,故选C。 9.I wish I _longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (95/6/45) could have slept B) slept C) not be started D) have slept 题意:我原希望我今早上能多睡会,但我不得不起床来上 课。 解析:由“but I had to ”可知wish后的宾语从句是对过去 的假设,故选A。,10.Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.(96/1/44) A) has to get B) were to get C) had got D) could have got 题意:简不想现在就工作,因为她认为如果有了一份工作,她就不能常常与朋友们相见。 解析:if引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用should或者were to + 动词原形的形式,故选B。 11. It is politely requested by the total management that radio _ after 11 oclock at (96/1/28) were not played B) not to play C) not be played D) did not play 题意:所有管理人员很有礼貌地请求晚上11点之后不要再 播放收音机了。 解析:“it is + 过去分词+ that从句”的虚拟语气形式用 should+动词原形或省略should的动词原型,故选C。,12. _ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96/6/42) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left 题意:要使她能立刻动身,她会在星期日到达那儿的。 解析:if引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用should或者were to + 动词原形的形式,故选C。 13. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _? (96/6/43) we were going home B) we go home C) we went home D) we can go home 题意:现在已经5点了,难道你不认为我们该回家了吗? 解析:it is (about) time + that从句中的虚拟语气用过去式, 故选C。,14. _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner (97/1/34) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive 题意:要使他们能在后天我们出发之前赶到,我们会 举行一场盛大的晚会。 解析:if引导的虚拟条件句中如果动词是had, should或were 的话,可以省略if,把这些动词前置;又由the day after tomorrow(后天)可以判断假设的是将来情况,因此选项D 是正确答案。 15. Had he worked harder, he _ the exams. (97/6/42) A) must have got through B) would have got through C) would get through D) could get through 题意:如果他学习努力一些的话,他会通过考试的。 解析:if引导的条件句的虚拟语气表示与过去情况相反时, 从句用had + 过去分词的形式,主句用would +have +过去分 词的形式,所以B是正确答案。,16. I dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the job since he has no experience.(97/6/55) is assigned B) will be assigned C) be assigned D) has been assigned 题意:我认为分配蒂姆做这份工作是不合理的,因为他没有经验。 解析:含有advisable作宾补的宾语从句也须用虚拟语气,形式同它作表语的虚拟语气,因此,省略了should的选项C 是答案。 17. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. (98/1/38) A) injure B) had injured C) injured D) would injure 题意:这名疯男子被关进铺了软垫的囚室,以免他伤害自 己。 解析:lest引导的状语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形, should可以省略。因此,选项A 是答案。,18. You dont have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you _on business first. (98/1/59) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone 题意:你无须这么匆忙。我宁愿你先出差去。 解析:would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式,故选C. 19. Id rather you _make any comment on the issue for the time being. (98/6/48) A) dont B) wouldnt C) didnt D) shouldnt 题意:我宁愿你暂时对此问题不做任何评价。 解析:would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式,故选 C。,20. We were all for your proposal that the discussion _. (98/6/68) be put off B) was put off C) should put off D) is to put off 题意:我们都赞成你的提议,即推迟讨论。 解析:proposal引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should + 动 词原形或者省略should,该句应用被动语态,故选A。 21. “You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99/1/57) A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize 题意:“你非常自私。到了你该意识到你并不是世界上最重 要的人物。”埃德加气愤地对老板说。 解析:it is high time + that从句中的虚拟语气用过去式,故 选A。,22. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. (99/1/60) wouldnt be smiling B) couldnt have smiled C) wont smile D) didnt smile 题意:如果你掉落时我没有站在梯子下接住你,那你现在 就不会在这儿微笑了。 解析:本句是错综时间的虚拟句,从句虚拟的是过去的情 况,用过去完成时,主句虚拟的现在的情况,用过去将来 时,又由于now这个表示进行时的时间副词,所以选项A) wouldnt be smiling是正确答案。 23. Frankly speaking, Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being. (99/1/66) A) didnt do B) havent done C) dont do D) have done 题意:坦白地讲,我宁愿你暂时对此什么也没做。 解析:would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式,故选A。,24. If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (99/6/43) was not planned B) has not been C) were not planned D) had not been planned 题意:如果整个操作没有提前计划的,那大量的时间和财力就会被浪费掉。 解析:if引导的与过去情况相反的假设,从句用过去完成时(had + 过去分词),主句用过去将来完成时(would + have + 过去分词),故选项D是正确答案。 25. As Commander-in-Chief on the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _for our defense. (99/6/62) be taken B) would be taken C) to be taken D) had been taken 题意:做为武装部队的总司令,我已经命令采取一切措施 有利于我们的措施。 解析:direct后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原 形,should可以省略,故选A) be taken。,26. Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early? (00/1/49) A) went B) goes C) go D) would go 题意:难道你不原意你的孩子早点上床睡觉? 解析:would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式,故选 A。 27. Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. (00/1/52) that he not stay B) staying not C) that he would not stay D) not to stay 题意:迈克的叔叔坚持让他呆在这家旅店。 解析:insist后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词 原形,should可以省略,故选A) that he not stay。,28. Sometimes I wish I_ in a different time and a different place. (00/1/58) A) were living B) would live C) would have lived D) be living 题意:有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时代和不同的地方。 解析:wish引导一个与现在情况相反的宾语从句时,动词用过去时,并且用were代替 was,所以A) were living是正确答案。 29. It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible. (00/1/64) A) must be sent B) will be sent C) be sent D) are sent 题意:这些申请表尽可能早地送回来是很必要的。 解析:“it is essential + that从句 ”的虚拟语气用should +动词原形,should可以省略。所以选项C是正确答案。,30. The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes was accepted by everyone. (00/6/32) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present 题意:由市长颁发奖品的建议得到了所有人的认可。 解析:suggestion引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should + 动词原形或者省略should,故选B。 31. The manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office. (00/6/48) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work 题意:经理宁愿其女儿不在同一个办公室工作。 解析:would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式,故选D。,32. It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests are registered correctly. (01/1/41) make sure B) has made sure C) made sure D) must make sure 题意:酒店招待确保客人登记无误是很重要的。 解析:“it is important + that从句 ”的虚拟语气用should +动 词原形,should可以省略。所以选项A是正确答案。 33.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished. (01/6/53 ) had lost B) would lose C) would have lost D) should have lost 题意:如果涉及到的上百万的计算用人工完成,那么等算完 时早已失去其实用价值。 解析:if引导的虚拟从句与过去事实相反,从句用“had +过 去分词”形式,if省略,had提前,并以插入语的方式置于句 中,主句用“would + have +过去分词”形式,所以选项C为正 确答案。,34. Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university. (01/6/50) had studied B) study C) studied D) had been studying 题意:杰克常希望他上大学时学的是商业而不是历史。 解析:wish引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气如表示对过去情况的 假设,动词形式用过去完成式(had +过去分词)或could + have +过去分词的形式,所以选项A)had studied是正确答案。 35. The article suggests that when a person _ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. (02/1/57) A) be B) was C) is D) were 题意:这篇文章建议,当一个人处于不寻常的压力下时,他 应该尤其注意自己的饮食平衡。 解析:suggest引出的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形 或省略should的形式,但本句的考查点却不是宾语从句的主 句(he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet),而是宾语从句中一个由when引导的时间状语从句,不 需用虚拟语气,因此选项C) is是正确答案。,36. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _ to investigate the incident. (02/1/58) A)

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