2010年高考阅读填空常规备考方案大总结.doc

外语下载中心 2010年高考英语复习精典素材3.高考阅读填空常规备考方法一、试题结构。阅读填空题是语言运用类试题，旨在考查学生搜集信息（包括直接信息和间接信息）、处理信息、运用语言传递信息的的能力。阅读填空分正文和表格两部分，正文为约300字的一篇短文，是信息采集的主要来源；而表格为信息搜集与处理的标准约定和潜在帮助，同时又是信息搜集与处理结果的定位区域。表格中一般设10个空，要求考生依据正文内容和表格结构关系，用不超过3个单词的语段来填补空缺，使表格内容上下左右呼应通达。表格之外有外标题（Title），可视为正文的标题；表格结构基本与正文吻合，内含若干列标题和行标题，统领正文主干；表格细节内容为涵盖全篇正文的简约表述。二、试题特征。分析2005年、2006年和2007年湖南省英语高考试题阅读填空，可以发现阅读填空题有以下几个特点。主观性：该题型重点考查考生独立使用简约语言而非已给选项表述相对复杂信息的个体能力，属于主观试题；它顺应全球语言测试的大方向增加主观试题，减少客观试题，是全国英语标准化试题优化的必然趋势。运用性：该题型并非简单的阅读理解，不仅是语言理解层面的考查，而且是语言运用层面的考查；语言的运用一部分属直接运用，另一部分则需对现有语言进行整理、重组和概括。一致性：一方面，表格结构和内容与正文保持一致，这就要求信息搜集和加工必须与表格结构和内容一致；另一方面，表格内部内容的表述形式要力求一致。概括性：体现在使用3个单词以内的小语段，来表达一个句子、几个句子、甚至是整篇文章的意思。准确性：就是要用无语言错误的规范语言科学地概括正文的主要内容。三、应试方略。理解正文大意和结构。表格结构和内容的设置是以正文为依据的，只有读懂了正文，才能顺利地在表格中填出相应的信息。考生可以采用边读边记要点的方法，将记叙文的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因和结果等简要地记下来，将议论文的总论点、分论点、论据等加以概括，很有可能表格的不少答案已在其中了。分析表格结构和内容。一般情况下，表格的第一列或第一行为项目内容即小标题（列标题和行标题），通常就是段落和表格的主题句, 它标示着其下方或右边细节内容所涉及的方向与范围，这些细节内容的填充可借助于小标题，同样，小标题的概括由各个细节决定。表格内的所有项目之间存在着逻辑关系，彼此约束，相互支撑，互为联系。确定题目答案。在实际做题过程中，考生不妨采用“表格正文表格”的模式。先略读表格结构和内容，以把握正文的总体脉络，明了表格空缺所涉及的主要问题。然后带着问题阅读正文部分，边读边记正文要点，避免填一空回头读一遍文章造成的时间浪费。接下来，用所记的文章要点帮助表格填空，有些属基础题可直接引用原文词汇和语句；而某些活用题则需要运用常识和所学语言知识，对原来结构完整、语意复杂的主题句化繁为简，简约地用与相邻语句相同或相似的形式表述出来；难度较大的总结概括性题目如列标题和行标题，通常放在细节内容补全后完成，概括力求有针对性，准确，全面，得体。最后，总览所填表格内容，避免遗漏，保证上下左右语意贯通。下面我们将分四小节，以高考真题为例来详尽阐述解答阅读填空的具体方法和技巧，愿广大考生从中有所感悟，圆满通过高考的检验，跨进理想大学的门槛！第一节 引用原文词汇和语句 考点提示 顺利解答阅读填空题技巧之一就是，采用边读边记要点的方法，用所记的文章要点帮助表格填空。表格中基础性题目很多可以直接引用原文中的词汇和语句即语段，如2005年湖南卷的77小题、83小题、84小题、85小题，2006年湖南卷的76小题、78小题、81小题、84小题，2007年湖南卷的76小题、77小题、80小题，07年试题相对比05年和06年试题难。引用原文时（当然亦适用于其它情况）应注意字母的大小写问题。无论在原文中语段首字母是大写还是小写，填空时一般要根据表格内现有同级语段的书写来确定，位于同一个表格内不同语段的大小写的规则，因所处的级别位置不同而不同。另外，不同的表格可能采用不同的大小写规则。05年的4个直接复用原文的题目都采用了第一单词首字母大写，其它所有题目也采用了同样的规则，没有语段级别的区分。06年的76小题因为是表格外大标题，所以3个单词首字母大写，78题和81题均使用首字母小写的形式，84题仅一个单词，受同级语段书写的约束首字母大写，同样其它所有题目遵循同级语段首字母大小写一致的原则。07年76题与06年76题一样，表格外大标题3个单词首字母大写，其它小题均为第一单词首字母大写，也没有语段级别的区分。 解题钥匙【例1】2007年湖南省高考英语试卷阅读填空真题Host family accommodation, or living with host families, remains popular among language travel students for its unique advantages. These days, host families are trying to offer more in terms of quality, for they still have something to worry about. Host family accommodation is often seen as the number-one choice for its advantages in language study, cultural communication and cost of living. Staying alongside host families enables students to get enough practice for the short time of their studying so that their language acquisition is likely to become faster. Living in host families also has the advantage for students of being able to spend a lot of time communicating with their “host parents”, and get to know the local way of life, people and culture. Another advantage is that host family accommodation can sometimes be the least expensive. It attracts students for it ensures them a family type of living at a low cost. The advantages, however, have not prevented host families from worrying. On one hand, some host families are losing their unique selling point. The problem is that the majority of hosts in big cites, now generally single and young, have less time available for students but the selling point for host family accommodation is communication practice. One the other hand, students expectations have risen. They are becoming more demanding and asking for more than ever from their accommodation, as they come mainly from high socio-economic groups in their own countries. To get out of the difficult situation, host families are now making efforts to improve the quality of service. They are trying to making living conditions better, including broadband Internet service, private bathroom, and access to plenty of hot water for long showers. They are also providing students with structured family activities. It is believed that host family accommodation will keep the popularity vote with language travel students. Title: 76. _ThemeHost families are improving the accommodation quality77. _1）Language study78. _2）Cultural communication(1) 79. _(2) Knowing the local way of life, people and culture3）80. _Being least expensive sometimes81. _1）Loss of selling pointHosts having less time for students2）82. _Students becoming more demanding83. _Service quality improvement(1) 84. _(2) Organizing structured family activities85. _Host family accommodation will keep the popularity vote with students.【答案】76.Host Family Accommodation77. Advantages78. Possibly becoming faster 79. Communicating with hosts 80. Cost of living81. Worries/ Problems82. Rise in expectations 83. Efforts/ Measures84. Bettering living conditions85. Conclusion【解析】该文章主题是“家庭食宿” 许多语言学习者的首选方式。其优势在于，食宿费用较低廉，语言学习者能够有更多的和主人交流的机会，快速掌握语言，并对当地的文化和风俗习惯有更深的了解。然而，主人不能提供更多的交流机会以及学习者要求的不断提高，迫使主人进一步改善食宿条件，增强与学习者的交流，确保“家庭食宿”成为 语言学习者的第一选择。在本篇阅读填空中，76题、80题都直接源于原文的Host family accommodation is often seen as the number-one choice for its advantages in language study, cultural communication and cost of living，而77题的答案直接从原文第三段的主题句The advantages, however, have not prevented host families from worrying中搜出。78题、79题、84题都由同级语段(2) Knowing the local way of life, people and culture和(2) Organizing structured family activities表达形式-ing的提示与限制使用了-ing短语，主要动词和名词都来自原文。81题、82题同上边三个题目一样，属于将原文语句调整、压缩、概括，然后灵活运用语言知识变形转换表达类试题。The advantages, however, have not prevented host families from worrying和The problem is that the majority of hosts in big cites中的关键词汇，对顺利概括出Worries/ Problems起到了一定的帮助作用。从原句One the other hand, students expectations have risen，不难看出Rise in expectations表述的概括性和巧妙性。要实现这一灵活的转换，必须在平时的语言学习中用心学习，潜心体会，不断积累，掌握更多实用有效的表达手段，形成运用自如的表达技巧。83题和85题当属概括类行标题，To get out of the difficult situation, host families are now making efforts to improve the quality of service可帮助细心的人归纳出Efforts/ Measures，而Conclusion的写出有赖于平时对分析文章结构所用语汇的搜集和积累。规律小结 解题一般步骤: 分析表格结构，抓住主要问题；理解正文大意，列出文章概要；理清表格层次，先做细节题，再定小标题，最后的大标题，做对没问题！注意大小写的规范性，表格外大标题多数为每个单词首字母大写，表格内的小标题和细解题应视具体情况而定，不可一概而论。 考点警示 做阅读填空题，必须要充满信心，决不可让残缺不全的表格吞噬你的自信。要冷静地分析表格内部的各层关系，细心阅读并理解正文大意。题目设计者一定会设置35道直接引用原文词汇和语句的题目，我们首先要保证这部分题拿满分。往往容易的题目偏偏会出错，因此，书写要清楚规范，每个单词不能因粗心多写或少些字母，答案要定位准确，不能无意识地制造“问东答西”的笑话。 同步训练 阅读填空模拟训练一Every two years, cities around the world make bids to the International Olympic Commission (IOC) to host the Olympic Games. Today, cities are selected through a much more rigorous (严格的) process.Any city that wants to host the Olympic Games puts in its name to the IOC and is considered an “Applicant City”. For the next ten months, the IOC investigates the city on several points: 1) The city must prove that it is big enough to handle the Olympics. It also needs to show that it can handle the high level of security (安全) needed at the games.2) The city needs to convince the local people that the expenses of covering the Olympics (which may be covered by raising taxes) are worth it in city improvement and new jobs.3) The city needs to maintain a highly positive media exposure to carry the games.If the IOC decides that a city has fulfilled the three points above, it is considered a “Candidate City ” and goes into the second phase of the process. After an application and an application fee submitted (递交), the IOC makes a final judgment on which city is the best candidate for the coming Summer or Winter Olympic Games. The cost for bidding for the games is incredibly high. Bid committees must pay an application fee to the IOC. (The fee for hosting the 2012 Olympics is US$150,000.) Following the fee, the cities generally need to begin large construction projects like building the “Olympic village”, new sports arenas (竞技场) and stadiums, and transportation systems. Since the Olympics are so expensive, why do cities want to host the games? Cities bid for the Olympics for a variety of reasons: the desire to show pride in their city and their country, the eagerness to be in the international spotlight for two weeks, the opportunity to bring new jobs into the community, and to build up tourism for that city.Bid for the OlympicsBidding phasesNecessary construction projectsReasons for biddingfirst phase79. _81. _83. _put in name to 76. _submit the application and pay 80. _new sports arenasbeing eager to become the international spotlightthe IOC investigates the city on three points77. _ make final judgmentstadiums84. _78. _highly positive media exposure82. _85. _阅读填空模拟训练二Filling in company application forms can become a boring and repetitive task, yet any carelessness on an applicants part can draw a negative reaction from readers. Blow it at this stage and you wont get a chance to persuade them in person, no matter how good you are. Each company or organization usually uses its own specially designed form that, although it generally asks for the same basic information, may vary in detail. So the suggestions below will help you to know what to do rather than what you should write.When visiting future employers, always carry your personal data record with you so that you can readily search for details such as dates, telephone, numbers and other useful information.Treat every application form as though it is the first one you are completing-write carefully and neatly.Use words that describe each job you have held as fully as possible rather than list only the duties you performed.Particularly describe social activities that show your involvement in the community, or activities in which you held a teaching or coaching role.Pay particular attention if there is a section on the form that asks you to say how your education and past experience have especially prepared you for the position.Think this through very carefully before you write so that what you say shows a natural progression from past experience to the job you are applying for. If you can, and if they fit naturally, add a few words to explain how the position fits your overall career plan.Follow these suggestions and you can get your foot in the door of a great future!Title: How to Fill in_76_77_ Always carry your _78_ record with you.Write_79_.Describe each job you have held _80_.Describe social activities you _81_ .Pay attention to the section about your_82_.Add a few words to explain how the position fits your_83_.Reasons_84_can draw a negative reaction from readers._85_and you wont get a chance to persuade them in person. 参考答案阅读填空模拟训练一【答案】76. the IOC 77. size and security 78. citizens support 79. second phase 80. an application fee 81. Olympic village 82. transportation systems83. showing pride 84. more job opportunities 85. building up tourism【解析】本文介绍申办奥运会的程序及举办奥运会的前期准备工作，表格的难度设置不大，旨在培养完成阅读填空题的信心。76、80、81、82题属直接应用原文词汇题，77、83、84、85题取自原文的灵活表达题，79题为借助于表格中的first phase可填出的判断推理题，78题为本表格的难点和亮点，重点考查考生的概括能力和准确表述能力。阅读填空模拟训练二【答案】76. an Application Form 77.Suggestions/Advice 78. personal data 79. carefully and neatly 80. in full 81. were involved in 82. education and experience 83. overall career plan 84. An applicants carelessness 85. Blow it【解析】本文主题为如何填写申请表。76题为大标题，读完全文后并在文章首句Filling in company application forms can become a boring and repetitive task的帮助下，归纳出How to Fill in an Application Form，冠词an表示一类，注意大写实词首字母。77题由表格右边的各项建议总结出Suggestions/Advice。78题直接引用原句always carry your personal data record with you。79题直接取自原句write carefully and neatly。80题运用语法知识将原文describe each job you have held as fully as possible的副词fully转化为介词短语in full。81题借助于Particularly describe social activities that show your involvement in the community中名词involvement的提示，由动词短语were involved in表达“参与”。82题直接选用how your education and past experience have especially prepared you for the position的关键词汇education and experience。83题引用了add a few words to explain how the position fits your overall career plan的重点词汇overall career plan。84题属yet any carelessness on an applicants part can draw a negative reaction from readers中applicants和carelessness的巧妙组合。85题Blow it直接引自Blow it at this stage and you wont get a chance to persuade them in person。第二节 归纳总结 考点提示 归纳总结是阅读填空题的重要组成部分。湖南卷阅读理解题中，05年小标题归纳2题，大标题归纳1题；06年小标题归纳5题，大标题归纳1题；07年小标题归纳4题，大标题归纳1题。可见归纳总结题在阅读理解题中所占份量之大，08年考题此类题目预计35题。 解题钥匙 【例1】2006年湖南省高考英语试卷阅读填空真题 Quality after-school programs are designed to improve academic performance, decrease youth crimes and other high-risk behaviors, and help young people grow into healthy, successful adults. The effect of quality after-school programs on academic performance is clear. Studies show that students who take part in such programs show better work habits, higher rates of homework completion, improved grades, and higher scores on achievement tests. They also have fewer absences and are less likely to blame. After-school programs also influence high-risk teen behavior. Various studies show decreased rates of crime, drug use, and teen sex among youth who join in well-run after-school programs when compared to similar youth who do not. Finally, after-school programs play an important role in supporting the following fields of development: physical development, mental development and social development. Thus, one can safely say that after-school programming is an effective method to help young people become contributing members of society. Although there is enough proof from both small and large assessments that after-school programs can make a positive difference, it is important to note that not all programs are equal. First, dosage (时量) matters - young people who attend the most hours over the most years benefit more than members who attend less often or over a shorter period of time. Next, after-school programs make a bigger difference for those students who need help most and have the fewest choices. Finally, program qualities matter. After-school programs work best when they create unique opportunities for youth. They should provide opportunities for positive relationships, skill building, meaningful involvement (参入), expression, suggestion, service, and work. Staff characteristics make an important difference in the quality of a program. The adults should treat youth as partners, create safe and fair environments, encourage personalized (个性化的) involvement, and actively create learning opportunities. In short, although after-school programs have promising future, how they are designed and run matters.Title: _76_77_ improving academic performance 78 _and high rish behaviors Helping young people grow into healthy , successful adults.Effects : 79_ Better work habits Higher rates of homework competition Improved grades and higher scores 83_ Fewer absences and80_ Helping young people become contributing members of society. Decreased high risk teen behaviors Decreased rates of crime, 81 _. and teen sex among youth82 _Physical development Mental development Social development Assessments dosage 85 _ conclusion: how to design and run the Quality program is very impormant 【答案】76. Quality After-School Program 77. Aims 78. decreasing youth crimes 79. Improved academic behaviors 80. less blame 81.drug use 82. Integrated development/ All-around development 83. Result 84. Assessments85. student difference【解析】本文主题为优质的课外活动。它可以帮助学生养成及时完成作业、少迟到、少违反纪律的好习惯，提高学习成绩；预防青年学生吸毒、早恋等高危习惯的形成，降低青少年犯罪率；有利于学生德、智、体的全面发展，使他们成为有益于社会发展的人才。优质的课外活动的开展，应由一定时间和次数来保证，参加的学生要有针对性，通过构建平等的师生关系，采用多种形式，鼓励学生积极参与，进一步提高课外活动的质量。准确理解了正文的意思，便可以顺水推舟地完成表格填充的任务。76、78、81、84题大都能从原文中直接取来复用。76题为大标题归纳，可从本文主题段的主题句中取出Quality After-School Program，三个单词首字母均大写，当然仅第一单词首字母大写也行。利用文章的主题段和通常位于段首的主题句来进行归纳总结，不失为一种很好的做题方法。78题后的连词and提示前面待填充部分一定和high-risk behaviors构成并列关系，在原文的第一段可搜索到相同结构关系的decrease youth crimes and other high-risk behaviors，考虑到表格中该题的上下相邻的同级别语段表达形式为-ing短语，所以还要把decrease改用为decreasing，同时确切地表达出优质课外活动的动态作用，可见题目设计者的匠心独具。81题的答案可从原文第二段Various studies show decreased rates of crime, drug use, and teen sex among youth中直接找到。单看84题后表格中待归纳的dosage和quality，我们很可能一下子就懵了，不知所云，毫无头绪。但是，请时刻铭记做阅读填空题目时必须遵循的最实用的原则：不仅从表格结构关系寻找提示，更重要的是学会自原文的关键句中寻求最原始最有效的帮助。当我们仔细阅读第三段主题句Although there is enough proof from both small and large assessments that after-school programs can make a positive difference, it is important to note that not all programs are equal时，却发现答案竟在其中了！表中Decreased high-risk teen behaviors与79题、82题属同一级别的归纳总结题，它约定了两题大写要求及动词形式，用动词-ed形式准确而又巧妙地表达出优质的课外活动所产生Effects的现实性。79题的答案从第一段Quality after-school programs are designed to improve academic performance中的关键语段加以调整变形可得Improved academic behaviors，当然亦可用Improved academic performance。82题下面的三个短语共有development，前面的三个定语说明优质课外活动“多方面的综合作用”，因此可归纳为Integrated development/ All-around development。80题则运用语言知识中副词变用形容词和动词变用名词的手段，将They also have fewer absences and are less likely to blame中的关键词转述为less blame。85题属句子归纳总结，可谓本大题的最高亮点。理解句意是做对本题的关键，课外活动对于那些急需帮助的学生作用极大，也就是说课外活动的组织要针对不同的学生different students，即学生的不同情况student difference。77题、83题是课外活动开展的目的Aims和结果Result，属于行列标题的归纳，一般放在最后处理。另外，我们要注意表格内同级别内容的标志，83题前没有“ ”，83题和它下面的helping young people become contributing members of society属不同级别。规律小结归纳总结就是将众多的复杂信息简单化的过程，是多变少的过程，简单化的信息应具有众多信息所具有的共同特征。归纳总结，一要分析确定众多信息某一方面的共同点，二要选取规范简洁的语言将其表述出来。在阅读填空的某一表格中，归纳总结存在着不同的层次，可能是一个或多个句子的归纳，也可能是一段或几段的归纳，还可能是整篇正文的归纳，换句话说，有小标题和大标题归纳之分。无论是哪一种归纳，都有难易之别，关键在于缜密思考，既要照顾到归纳的全面性，又要考虑到归纳的简洁性和单一性。05年的大标题归纳，将整篇文章主题用两三个词概括出来似乎是不易之事，然而当我们读完全文之后就可发现全文的主题是美国的人口老龄化问题，即第一段的第一句The population of the United States is growing older and will co