动词和动词词组备用.ppt

The Eighth Lesson: The Verb and Its Phrases,第八讲：动词和动词词组,8.1动词分类（一） （1）主动词和助动词 （2）及物动词、不及物动词和连系动词 （3）动态动词和静态动词 8.2动词分类（二） （4）单词动词和词组动词 （5）限定动词和非限定动词 （6）规则动词和不规则动词,（1）主动词和助动词,英语动词按其构成动词词组中所起的作用分为主动词（Main Verb）和助动词（Auxiliary）两大类。动词词组是以动词为中心词的词组，它可以仅由一个主动词构成，这叫做简单动词词组（Simple Verb Phrase）。例如： He buys lemonade every time he goes shopping. The workers received a raise last year.,动词词组也可以由一个或一个以上的助动词加主动词构成，这叫做复杂动词词组（Complex Verb Phrase）。例如： They have been taking music lessons. You should have read the book. 由上述诸例可以看出，主动词构成动词词组的意义核心，它表示动词词组的基本意义，因此，主动词又叫“实义动词”。,助动词的语法功能是协助主动词表示不同的语法意义或情态意义，比如表示某一动作正在进行或已经完成，“应该”做某事或“不应该”做某事。 英语的助动词分为三类：基本助动词（Primary Auxiliary）、情态助动词（Modal Auxiliary）和半助动词（Semi-auxiliary）。,A）基本助动词,基本助动词只有三个：be，do，have。作为助动词，be，do，have本身没有词汇意义，只在动词词组中起语法作用或者说只表示语法意义。比如助动词be通常用来协助主动词构成进行体或被动态： The students were praised by the principal.,助动词do通常用来协助主动词表示否定意义或构成疑问句： My wife doesnt know Russian. What did she give to Halleck for his birthday? 助动词do还可用来加重语气： I do think youll have a hard job convincing him. You do look well. 助动词have通常用来协助主动词构成完成体或完成进行体： Joan has seen that movie. I have been working here for 20 years.,B）情态动词 情态动词共有13个，其中包括一些过去时形式。它们是can / could，may / might，will / would，shall / should，must / ought to，dare，need，used to。情态动词表示情态意义，其过去时态形式并不一定就表示过去时间。情态动词不能重叠使用；随后的主动词无一例外地是不带to的不定式即动词原形。例如： It may snow before nightfall. Would you let me use your pen a minute? Brenda grew up in Naples. She must know how to speak Italian If she became a movie star, she could afford a new home.,C）半助动词 半助动词指某些兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法结构，比如have to，seem to之类的结构既可与主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组并表示情态意义： I have to buy a new car. He seems to be disappointed. 又能与其它助动词搭配，像是主动词，而不像情态动词： I dont have to buy a new car. You will have to sell your house. He didnt seem to love her. She doesnt seem to be disappointed. 所以，半助动词兼有助动词和主动词的双重特征。,（2）及物动词、不及物动词、连系动词,主动词按其是否必须跟有补足成分（Complementation）以及必须跟有什么样的补足成分如宾语、补语、状语等，分为及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb）和连系动词（Linking Verb）。,A）及物动词 及物动词之后须带宾语（Object）。例如： John is playing cricket. Mark researched his topic thoroughly. 有些及物动词可带有双宾语，即间接宾语（Indirect Object）和直接宾语（Direct Object）。例如： The new lamp gave us more light. Celeste paid me a compliment.,有些及物动词在一定上下文中须带宾语和宾语补足语（Object Complement）。例如： The jury found the defender not guilty. You should keep the room clean all the time. 有些及物动词在一定上下文中不仅须带宾语，而且宾语之后还须带状语。例如： The Chinese treat older people with great respect. I put the book on the shelf.,B）不及物动词 不及物动词之后不须带宾语。例如： The president is speaking. The hunter suddenly stopped. He heard a noise in the bushes. 但是，有些不及物动词在一定上下文中，其后须带状语，否则意义不完全。例如： Betty and Sue have lived in Atlanta since 1975. Daffodils（黄水仙）bloom in early spring.,C）连系动词 连系动词之后须带主语补语（Subject Complement）。例如： The capital of the United States was once New York City. That sounds like a good idea. 以上三类动词的划分并不是绝对的，许多动词都有跨类现象：在一种上下文中是及物动词，在另一种上下文中却是不及物动词或连系动词。例如： The fish is fresh from water. You dont have to smell it. The milk is going bad. It smells. This dish smells delicious.,（3）动态动词和静态动词,英语动词，按其词汇意义，又可分为动态动词（Dynamic Verb）和静态动词（Stative Verb）。动态动词是表示运动状态的动词，而静态动词则是表示一种相对静止状态的动词。,a）动态动词 动态动词，按词汇意义，又可分为3个小类：一是表示持续动作的动词，如drink，eat，play，sit等。这类动词既可用于非进行体，也可用于进行体。例如： She works at a chemical factory. She has been working there for a long time.,二是表示改变或移动的动词，如arrive，become，change，come，get，go，grow，turn等。这类动词也是既可用于非进行体，也可用于进行体。例如： Winter is here. The leaves of the trees are turning yellow. The weather is changing for the better.,三是表示短暂动作的动词，如hit，jump，kick，open / close (a door)，put，shut，take out等。这类动词可用一般现在时表示说话时正在进行的短暂动作，若用进行体则表示短暂动作的不断重复。例如： （舞台说明）The old man stops at a house and knocks at the door. Who is knocking at the door?,这类动词若用一般过去时，则表示发生在过去的一次性短暂动作，若用过去进行体，也表示短暂动作的不断重复。例如： He opened the door and ran out of the house. He was opening and closing the door to make sure that it worked properly.,b）静态动词 静态动词表示存在于现在时或过去的一种状态。这种动词的最主要语法特征就是通常用于非进行体，若用进行体，通常会引起语义的改变。这类动词，按词汇意义，又可分为4小类：第一类时用作主动词的be和have（作“有”解）。例如： Jim is a teacher, but 20 years ago he was a soldier. We have friends all over the world.,第二类是含有静态动词be和have的意义动词，如apply to（适用于），belong to，differ from，cost，measure，weigh，fit（适合），hold（可容纳），lack，resemble等。例如： This rule applies to (= is applicable to) everyone. This house belongs to my brother (= is my brothers property). French differs from (= is different from) English in having gender for all nouns. The auditorium holds (= has a capacity for) 2000 people.,第三类是表示感觉的动词，如feel，hear，see，smell，taste等。例如： She doesnt hear very well. I can see the snow-capped peaks of the distant mountains. The material feels soft. The roses smell fragrant. I can taste pepper in the soup. It tastes hot.,第四类是表示心理或情感状态的动词，如assume，believe，consider (=think)，detest，fear，hate，hope，imagine，know，like，love，mean，mind，notice，prefer，remember，regret，suppose，think，understand，want，wish等。例如： I believe we have met before. Jim knows Chinese. We understand your difficulty. How I wish I could visit the Grand Canyon!,如前所述，静态动词的最主要语法特征是不用于进行体，若用进行体往往会改变含义，即变成了动态动词。例如： He is being foolish (= is acting foolish). We are having a wonderful time (= are enjoying ourselves). 又例如某些属于第二类的静态动词，一旦用于进行体也就变成了动态动词。比较： He resembles his father. He is resembling his father (= is becoming more and more like his father) as the years go by. This camera costs 140 dollars. This mistake is costing us dearly (= is bringing great injury to us).,又例如，当表示感觉的动词用于表示主动含义时，便是动态动词，比较： I (can) feel a pin in it somewhere. / Im feeling （摸）this cushion. I (can) taste pepper in it / Im tasting（品尝） this soup.,see和hear用于进行体也通常改变意义。例如： I am hearing (= attending) lectures at the university. He is seeing (= visiting) the sights.,但是，表示肉体感觉的动词，如ache，feel，hurt等，用进行体和不用进行体均可，含义不变。例如： My foot aches / is aching. I dont feel / am not feeling very tired. 表示心理或情感状态的动词用于进行体时通常改变含义： Be quiet. Im thinking (= giving thought to a problem). Surely you are imaging things (= entertaining or indulging yourself with illusions). Now youre understanding (= beginning to understand) this a little better.,Exercise8.1,Translate the following sentences into English, using the verbs given in brackets: 孩子们不断地蹦跳，以便热身。（jump） The children are jumping in order to warm their bodies. 昨晚，我们在一家泰国饭馆用餐，几乎所有菜肴都有辣味。（taste） Last night, we had our dinner in a Thailand restaurant in which all the dishes tasted hot.,那儿的经济情况变得雪上加霜。（change）,The economic situation there has changed from bad to worse.,我老了，我不能步行这样长的距离。（get）,Im getting old; I cant walk such a long distance.,你真是想入非非。（imagine）,Surely you are imaging things!,（4）单词动词和词组动词,英语动词，按其构成，可分为单词动词（Single-word Verb）和词组动词（Phrase Verb）。单词动词是由一个单词构成的动词，如walk，take，enable等。前一节所举诸例，基本上都是单词动词。本节着重介绍词组动词。 词组动词指由两个或两个以上单词构成的动词。这种动词主要分为以下三类：,a）动词介词 由动词介词构成的动词词项在这里叫做“词组动词”。由动词介词构成的词组动词数量大，兹略举数例如下：,He couldnt account for（解释）his long absence from school. His comments amount to（等于）treason.,If you go about（做）it in the right way, youll soon get it finished. If I were you, I would go for（争取）that job. When the childs pleas didnt work, he resorted to（诉诸）tears.,b）动词副词小品词 在这一类词组动词中的副词并不起修饰作用，所以又叫“副词小品词”。例如：,The plane blew up（爆炸）when it was hit by a missile. We are going to brought up（提出）some important problems to discuss at the meeting. The meeting has been called off（取消）.,Can you figure out（想出）a way to do it? I cant figure out（理解）why he said that. The firm had to lay off（临时解雇）100 men. He flared up（发脾气）at me when I advised him to give up smoking.,My investment in these stocks had really paid off（赢利）. Uncle Herman passed away（去世）many years ago.,Even the most experienced eye may be taken in（受骗上当）on certain occasions.,c）动词副词小品词介词,I dont want to come down with（染上）the flu again. My nephew often comes out with（说出）the cleverest remarks. I will have to fill in for（顶替）Wally until he gets back.,How could he get away with（得逞）cheating? Ive got on to（想出）a good idea for increasing production. The children didnt quite get on to（理解）what the teacher was saying. We dont go in for（喜欢）that kind of thing. You must make up for（弥补）the omission.,还要注意一些属于成语性质的固定搭配。这类搭配在有些语法著作中也规入“词组动词”之列、这类词组动词有的是“动词名词介词”相当于一个及物动词，如make fun of（取笑），make the most of（充分利用），make a mess of（把弄脏，弄糟），take care of（照顾，照料），take advantage of（利用）等；有的是“动词名词”，相当于一个不及物动词，如change hands（异手，过户），take effect（生效），take root（扎根），take place（发生）等。例如： She soon realized that she was being made fun of. She indulged in luxury and made a mess of her life. The house has changed hands several times.,（5）限定动词和非限定动词,限定动词（Finite Verb）和非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）又叫动词的限定形式（Finite Form）和非限定形式（Non-finite Form）。英语的主动词出现在词典或词汇表中时通常时以“原形”（Base Form）：2种限定形式，即现在时（Present Tense）和过去时（Past Tense），和3种非限定形式，即不定式（Infinitive）、-ing分词和-ed分词。因此，限定动词与非限定动词之间最重要的区别在于前者有“时”（Tense）标记，而后者没有“时”的标记。举例列表如下：,英语的基本助动词和情态助动词除个别外并非都具有以上6种形式。列表如下：,（6）规则动词和不规则动词,大多数动词的过去时和-ed分词都是在原形之后加词尾-ed构成（如intend / intended /intended，study / studied / studied，stop / stopp