专业英语练习题.doc

专业英语复习资料Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry. Translation 化学过程 自然科学 蒸馏技术 在你使用这种材料之前，你必须弄清楚它的各种性质。 根据水的蒸发现象，人们认识到液体在一定条件下可以变成气体 正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等 化学具有悠久的历史，事实上，人类的化学活动可追溯到无记录时代以前。. TranslationChemistry is one of three fundamental natural sciences, the other two being physics and biology. Chemical processes have continually unfolded since the Big Bang and are probably responsible for the appearance of life on the planet Earth. One might consider that life is the end result of an evolutionary process in three steps, the first step being very fast and the other two rather slow. These steps are ( i ) physical evolution ( the formation of chemical elements ); (ii)chemical evolution (the formation of molecules and biomolecules); and (iii) biological evolution (the formation and development of organisms).重点词汇有史以来 史前化学希腊化学 炼金术科学化学 考古学发现早于文字记录普遍特征物质的结构 吸引力和排斥力 特定形状 规则多边形（体） 平面几何 共同属性 不纯金属 解码系统 过渡期基本特征 燃素理论本质上来讲实验基础 Unit 4 Drinking Water Quality and Health. Translation1、饮水中毒的例子有时是触目惊心的。2、生物耗氧量的定义是与1L废水中的还原剂作用所需的氧气质量（mg）。3、但是应该清醒地认识到即使是最先进的检测方法也有可能放过一些会产生新的意想不到的后果的有害物质。. TranslationOne of the major sources of organic pollution is effluents from sewage treatment works. In the United Kingdom, such effluents are supposed, as a minimum requirement, to meet the Royal Commission Standard, allowing no more than 30mg/L of suspended solids and 20mg/L BOD(a 30:20 effluent).A dilution with at least eight volumes of river water, having a BOD of no more than 2mg/L, is required to achieve this standard. Unfortunately, the design capacities of many sewage treatment works are below the population they now have to serve. This may cause chronic pollution of rivers or result in periodic flushes of poor quality water that damages the aquatic community. In the majority of poorer countries of the world there are few, or indeed often no, sewage treatment facilities and the faecal contamination of water results in many parastic infections and waterborne and diseases such as dysentery, cholera and poliomyelitis. Contaminated water supplies still cause more than two million deaths a year and countless more illnesses. 课堂作业：1、元素周期表2、最外层能级3、铅管4、化学组分5、氮肥6、内合成7、唯物（心）主义8、过渡期9、公共供水10、化学性质11、电子结构12、饮水13、金属性14、理论解释15、电离能Unit 5 The Periodic Table.Translation2、直到1854年左右，铝才开始进行工业规模的生产。3、这两种元素不仅在常温下不起化合作用，即使在高温下也不发生明显的反应。4、二者都是无色气体，但像所有气体一样可以液化。5、这两种化合物的分离即便并非没有可能，也是十分困难。Unit 9 Chemical Kinetics Basic Principles、Translation1、催化剂是一种能改变反应速率而自身不发生永久变化的物质。2、化学反应速率，即反应进程的快慢，受可改变有效碰撞数的因素的影响。3、在产物开始形成前，必须打破反应物分子的化学键。4、吸热反应中，反应物吸收能量并将其转化为储存于不稳定化合物中的化学键的潜能。5、放热反应中，反应释放的潜能形成更稳定的化合物。.TranslationThere are two basic questions that a chemical engineer must ask concerning a given chemical reaction:(a)How far does it go, if it is allowed to proceed to equilibrium? (Indeed, does it go in the direction of interest at all?)(b)How fast does it progress?Question (b) is a matter of chemical kinetics and reduces to the need to know the rate equation and the rate constants (customarily designated k) for the various steps involved in the reaction mechanism. Note that the rate equation for a particular reaction is not necessarily obtainable by inspection of the stoichiometry of the reaction, unless the mechanism is a one-step process and this is something that usually has to be determined by experiment. Chemical reaction time scales range from fractions of a nanosecond to millions of years or ore. Thus, even if the answer to question (a) is that the reaction is expected to go to essential completion, the reaction may be so slow as to be totally impractical in engineering terms.课堂作业：1、卤代反应 2、竞争反应3、微观速率方程 4、正逆反应5、微观可逆原理6、单价电子7、活化能8、碰撞速率9、计量方程10、积分形式课后作业： 物质既不能创造也不能消灭。 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子组成的。 试验是成功的，它的结果正如我们预期的一样。Unit 12 What Is Analytical Chemistry、Translation1、分析化学是研究物质及其变化的重要化学方法之一。2、几乎任何科学研究，只要涉及化学现象，都需要分析化学提供各种信息，以解决科学研究中的问题。3、以物质化学反应为基础的分析方法称为化学分析法。4、经典的分析方法无论在教育价值上和实用价值上都是不可忽视的。5、分析化学在工农业生产中起着重要的作用。、TranslationA gravimetric method is one in which the analysis is completed by a weighing operation. A volumetric method is one in which the analysis is completed by measuring the volume of a solution of established concentration needed to react completely with the substance being determined. Ordinarily, volumetric methods are equivalent in accuracy to gravimetric procedures and are more rapid and convenient; their use is widespread.Unit 15 Mass Spectrometry、Translation3、混合样品一般通过气相色谱或液相色谱将其引入质谱中。4、这一发现首次证明：某些原子具有相同的化学性质但原子量不同。5、每当我们写一个有机物结构式时，都必须进行核对，以保证每一个碳原子都有四个共价键。、TranslationA molecular formula is normally derived from an exact mass measurement. Exact mass measurements frequently can be made to an accuracy of better than Da using an internal standard of known exact mass. Even with this accuracy, however, a unique fit is seldom obtained when all possible elemental compositions at any nominal mass are considered. The number of possible elemental compositions at any nominal mass are considered. The number of possibilities increases with the number of elements that may be present, with the number of atoms of each element possible, and with the molecular weight. For organic compounds that have only the common hecteroatoms (O, N, Cl, Br, I, S, and Si ) and molecular weights less than 500 Da, only a few possibilities need be considered. Thus, while exact mass measurement seldom gives a single formula, it often gives a singly reasonable formula, especially when other information on the sample is considered. Some of this ancillary information may come from the mass spectrum itself including isotopic abundance distributions, which are considered in the next section.Unit 17 Crystallisation、Translation1、溶液是由溶质在溶剂中溶解而形成的。2、可用的结晶方法有降温、蒸发和盐析。3、大多数结晶器利用搅拌可提高晶体的增长速度。4、一切金属都是良导体，因为金属里有大量的自由电子。5、某些特定类型的化合物，其红外吸收峰强而宽，在红外吸收谱图中特别明显。6、化学反应速率与反应物质浓度成正比。、Translate the following into Chinese共沸混合物 同形物质过饱和度砷酸盐 晶核 异丙基 醇 钠 硫酸盐 间甲酚糖膏 十水化合物 结晶 同系物 衍生 结晶 四硼酸盐 盐析 乙基乙酰苯 矿物油Unit 19Words电子捕获检测器 螯合络合物 分配系数离子缔合络合物螯合试剂 共轭螯合环有机氯杀虫剂 动物脂肪 气相色谱 共振结构 2，9二乙基甲酰胺位阻课文翻译：（考前必背）Unit 12What Is Analytical ChemistryMost analyses today are carried out with specially designed eletronic instruments controlled by computers. These instruments make use of the interaction of electromagentic radiation and matter, or of some physical property of matter, to characterize the sample being being analyzed. Often these instruments have automatied sample introduction, automated data processing, and even automated sample preparation. To understand how the instrumentation operates and what information it can provide requires knowledge of chemistry, physics , mathematics, and engineering. The fundamentals of common analytical instruments and how measurements are performed with these instruments are the subjects of the following chapters on specific instrumental techniques. The analytical chemist must not only know and understand analytical chemistry and instrumentation, but must also be able to serve as a problem solver to colleagues in other scientific areas. This means that the analytical chemistry may need to understand materials science, metallurgy, biology, pharmacology, agricultural science, food science, geology, and other fields. The field of analytical chemistry is advancing rapidly. To keep up with advances, the analytical chemist must understand the fundamentals of common analytical techniques, their capabilities, and their shortcomings. The analytical chemist must understand the problem to be solved, select the appropriate technique or techniques to use, design the analytical experiment to provide revelant data and ensure that the data obtained are valid. Merely providing data to other scientists is not enough; the analytical chemist must be able to interpret the data, and communicate the meaning of the results, together with the accuracy and precision (the reliability ) of the data, to scientists who will use the data. In addition to understanding the scientific problem, the modern analytical chemist often must also consider factors such as time limitations and cost limitations in providing an analysis. Whether one is working for a government regulatory agency, a hospital, a private company, or a university, analytical data must be legally defensible. It must be of known, documented quality. Record keeping especially computer record keeping, assessing accuracy and precision, statistical handling of data, documenting, and ensuring that the data meet the applicable technical standards are especially critical aspects of the job of modern analytical chemists.Unit 15 Mass spectrometryThe electron multiplier is very similar in concept to the photomultiplier tube for optical detection. It is very sentive and has fast response., which has a surface that emits electrons when struck by fast-moving electrons, positive ions, negative ions, or neutrals. A discrete-dynode EM uses a series of 1224 dynodes, each biased more positively than the preceding dynode. A collision releases several electrons from the dynode surface. These electrons are then accelerated to a second such surface, which, in turn, generates several electrons for each electron that bombards it. This process is continued until a cascade of electrons ( an amplified current ) arrives at the collector. Typically, one ion can produce electrons or more; this ratio of electrons measured per ion is refered to as the gain. The gain of the detector can be adjusted, with operating gains of used, depending on the application. A disadvantage to dynode-based detectors is that the number of secondary electrons released depends on the type of incident primary particle, its angle and energy. Therefore, they can exhibit mass discrimination due to differences in ion velocity. Heavy ions from quadrupole ma