2013年高考阅读分类-科普文.docx

2013年高考英语阅读理解分类汇编-科普类【重庆卷】 CAlmost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5,100 years old. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didnt become popular for a while, though. This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces werent going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother, but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design.In the mid-1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of roada base layer (层) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same lime, metal hubs (the central part of a wheel) came into being, followed by the pneumatic tyre(充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads (柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.64. What might explain why transport wheels didnt become popular for some time?A. Few knew how to use transport wheels.B. Humans carried farming tools just as well.C. Animals were a good means of transport.D. The existence of transport wheels was not known.65. What do we know about road design from the passage?A. It was easier than wheel design.B. It improved after big changes in vehicle design.C. It was promoted by fast-moving vehicles.D. It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.66. How is the last paragraph mainly developed?A. By giving examples.B. By making comparisons.C. By following time order.D. By making classifications.67. What is the passage mainly about?A. The beginning of road design.B. The development of transport wheels.C. The history of public transport.D. His invention of fast-moving vehicles.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，题材是车轮。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响。段落关键词、句大意推测第一部分（Para. 1）every machine with moving parts has wheels、they existed over 5,500 years ago每个能移动的机器都有轮子，轮子已经有很久的历史了。第二部分（Para. 2-3）didnt become popular、animals did a perfectly good job、also be because of a difficult situation、wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces、difficult situation appeared again轮子并未普及，因动物表现不错，还有就是道路状况影响轮子的进一步发展。第三部分（Para. 4）In the mid-1700s, in the 1820s, in 1846, in 1967不同时期道路设计的发展促进轮子(包括轮胎)的发展。【解析】64. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。题干关键词为didnt become popular，定位第二段。根据This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.（这或许是因为动物在拉运农具人们的方面做得不错。）可知由于当时动物使用的方便让轮子没能够普及。解题思路：干扰项排除：考生易选C项，根据squirming excitedly来判断。这里尤其要注意excitedly，只是表达人物的心理，和调皮是没有关系的。选quiet，是忽略了squirming excitedly的表达。65. D。推理判断题。难度：较难。根据题干关键词road design，定位第3段 There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modem road design.（在现代道路设计之前，轮子和交通工具的设计都没有重大变化）。第4段接着讲述了随着道路设计的进步，各种新型的轮子(包括充气轮胎)随之发展，而且也促进了车辆的发展。由此可知，道路设计的发展促进了车轮的发展。干扰项排除：考生一定要先抓住关键词所在的句子，有的考生选B、C项意义相近，而A项文中根本没有提及。66. C。推理判断题。难度：较易。根据第四段时间数字，In the mid-1700s、in the 1820s、in 1846、in 1967，只有C项符合。67. B。主旨大意。难度：中等。全文讲述了车轮的发展历程以及道路设计对车轮发展的影响，故选C项。解题思路：【难句学习】1. Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for.翻译：几乎每台有活动部件的机器都有轮子，然而没有人知道第一个轮子究竟是什么时候发明的或者当时是作什么用途的。分析：本句的主干是every machine has wheels。When和what位于knows之后引导两个并列的宾语从句；with moving parts为介词短语作定语修饰machine。 2. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didnt become popular for a while, though.翻译：证据表明，不过当时轮子用于运输并没有普及。分析：本句的主干是Evidence suggests that。That引导宾语从句，此处suggest意为“暗示、表明”，从句中用陈述语气。句末though是副词，意为“不过、然而”。3. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces werent going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them.翻译：尽管轮子需要在平滑的表面上滚动，但是有着光滑路面的道路并没有铺设直到后来对此需求越来越多。分析：本句的主干是roads werent going to be constructed。While引导让步状语从句，with smooth surfaces为介词短语作定语修饰roads，until引导时间状语从句。【浙江卷】BBelow is a selection from a popular science book.If blood is red, why are veins (静脉) blue?Actually, veins are not blue at all. They are more of a clear, yellowish colour. Although blood looks red when its outside the body, when its sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin, its more of a dark reddish purple colour. At the right depth, these blood-filled veins reflect less red light than the surrounding skin, making them look blue by comparison.Which works harder, your heart or your brain?That kind of depends on whether you are busy thinking or busy exercising. Your heart works up to three times harder during exercise, and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker. But, in the long run, your brain probably tips it, because even when youre sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart, and it takes four to five tunes as much blood to feed it.Why do teeth fall out, and why dont they grow back in grown-ups?Baby (or milk) teeth do not last long; they fall out to make room for bigger, stronger adult teeth later on. Adult teeth fall out when they become damaged, decayed and infected by bacteria. Once this second set of teeth has grown in, youre done. When theyre gone, theyre gone. This is because nature figures youre set for life, and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off.Do old people shrink as they age?Yes and do. Many people do get shorter as they age. But, when they do, it isnt because theyre shrinking all over. They simply lose height as their spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects, of gravity (重力). Many (but not all) men and women do lose height as they get older. Men lose an average of 3-4 cm in height as they age, while women may lose 5 cm or more. If you live to be 200 years old, would you keep shrinking till you were, like 60 cm tall, like a little boy again? No, because old people dont really shrink! It is not that they are growing backwards 一 their legs, arms and backbones getting shorter. When they do get shorter, its because the spine has shortened a little. Or, more often, become more bait and curved.Why does spinning make you dizzy (眩晕的)?Because your brain gets confused between what youre seeing and what youre feeling. The brain senses that youre spinning using special gravity-and-motion-sensing organs in your inner ear, which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable. But when you suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control, and your brain thinks youre moving while youre Dot!Where do feelings and emotions come from?Mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system. All mammals have this brain area from mice to dogs, cats, and humans. So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear, pain and pleasure. But since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on the planet.If exercise wears you out, how can it be good for you?Because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them. And as far as your body is concerned, its use it, or lost it”! Its not that exercise makes you healthy; its more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.46. What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?A. Blue. B. Light yellow.C. Red. D. Dark reddish purple.47. Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?A. Because their spine is in active use.B. Because they are more easily affected by gravity.C. Because they keep growing backwards.D. Because their spine becomes more bent.48. Which of the following statements about our brain is true?A. In the long run, our brain probably works harder than our heart.B. When our brain senses the spinning, we will fell dizzy.C. The brains of the other mammals are as complex as those of humans.D. Our feelings and emotions come from the most developed area in our brain.49. What is the main purpose of the selection?A. To give advice on how to stay healthy.B. To provide information about our body.C. To challenge new findings in medical research.D. To report the latest discoveries in medical science.【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普文章，介绍了一些相关的人体知识。段落关键词、句大意推测Para 1.A selection from a popular science book畅销科普书的节选Para 2.-14.Why are veins blue; which works harder; why do teeth fall out; old people shrink; why does spinning makes you dizzy; where do feelings and emotions come from; how can exercise be good for you静脉是蓝色的原因；大脑比心脏的工作强度更大；人为什么会换牙；人老了为什么会变矮；为什么旋转会让人头晕；认得情感来自哪里；锻炼的好处46.D 细节理解题。难度：容易。从第三段第二行when its sitting in the vein near the surface of the shin, its more of a dark reddish purple colour. 可知选项D正确47.D 细节理解题。难度：容易。从第九段的when they do get shorter, its not because the spine has shortened a little. Or more often, become more bent and curved.可知老年人变矮不是因为他们的脊柱变短，更多的原因是因为他们的脊柱变弯曲。所以D选项正确。A选项的内容文中没有提及；B选项不符合文中的内容They simply lose height as their spine（脊柱）becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity（重力）；C选项的内容与文中的描述相反。48.A 细节理解题。难度：中等。从文中but in the long run, your brain probably tips it, because even when youre sitting still your brain is using twice as much as energy as your heart,可知选项A正确。第十一段的第一句就说明了人感到眩晕的原因是因为大脑分不清我们所看到的和所想的东西，排除B；从第十三段的描述but since human feelings also involve other, newer bits of the brain, we feel more complex emotions than any other animals on the planet.可知C选项错误；从第十二段的副标题和十三段的第一句mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system 可知D选项错误。49.B 主旨大意题。难度：容易。从文章的副标题可知这篇文章解释了七个我们既熟悉又陌生的有关人体知识的问题，所以选项B正确，A、C和D选项在文中均没有提及。 【天津卷】BUs, nights meteor (流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothschild. Emerald Valleys mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the citys lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.My family was so frustrated. admitted town resident Daune Cosby.” We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.”Astronomersscientists who study stars and planetshave been complaining about this problem for decade, They say that light pollution prevents from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it.There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consist of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating(迁徙的) birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association, “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.”Countless more animal casualties(伤亡) result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful to humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a persons chances of getting cancer.Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years. Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.41. It happened last night that _.A. the citys lights affected the meteor watchingB. the meteors flew past before being noticedC. the city light show attracted many peopleD. the meteor watching ended up a social outing42. What do the astronomers complain about?A. Meteor showers occur less often than before.B. Their observation equipment is in poor repair.C. Light pollution has remained unsolved for years.D. Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting43. What is the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4?A. Birds may take other migration paths.B. Animals living habits may change suddenly.C. Varieties of animals will become sharply reduced.D. Animals survival is threatened by outdoor lighting.44. Lighting regulations in Flagstaff. Arizona are put into effect toA. lessen the chance of getting cancerB. create an ideal observation conditionC. ensure citizens a good sleep at nightD. enable all creatures to live in harmony45. What message does the author most want to give us?A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselves.B. Great efforts should be made to save energy.C. Human activities should be environmentally friendly.D. New equipment should be introduced for space study.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文，题材是灯光污染与环境保护。本文主要介绍了灯光污染给天文学家、人类、其它生物所带来的不良影响。以及人们为解决此问题所采取的措施等。段落关键词、句大意推测第一部分（Para. 1-3）Dissatisfied, darkened the light; frustrated,Complained. for decades; fight against导入：通过观看流星不成功的原因导入本文的主题灯光污染给天文学家带来的影响。第二部分（Para. 4-5）Suffers even more; severely affects migrating; die in crashes灯光污染给其它生物带来的影响。第三部分（Para. 6）aware of the negative effects; assist astronomers; similar efforts人们为解决此问题所采取的一些措施。【解析】41. A。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词last night快速定位第一段。根据第一段最后一句可知“城市的夜空被灯点缀的是如此明亮以至于暗淡了头上飞过的流星的光亮，因此影响了人们观星”。所以可以推出A是正确选项。42. C。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词astronomers快速定位第三段。根据they say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects they could see quite easily in the past.可以推断灯光污染问题一直没有得到解决，这才是他们所抱怨的。其他选项原文根本没有提到，属于无中生有的。43. D。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干快速定位第四段。第四段驻澳讲述了灯光污染对于鸟类、蝙蝠、青蛙、蛇等的影响，尤其严重影响你鸟类的迁徙，最后一句话“每年北美大约有一亿的鸟在与被灯光点缀的建筑物或是高塔的撞击中死亡”因此可以推断D选项是正确的。44. B。推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干中的大写Flagstaff, Arizona快速定位文章最后一段Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory可知推行此规定的目的是为天文学家更好的观察服务的。45. C。推理判断作者意图题。难度：较难。文章主要讲的是灯光污染给人类和其它生物带来的影响，而灯光的直接造成原因就是人类本身，因此作者写本文主要是要告知人们人类的活动应该要注意环保。其它三项的内容均与本文无关。【难句学习】1. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the citys lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.翻译：城市的灯光时如此的明亮以至于头顶飞过的流星的亮度被削弱，因此人们看到的只是被点亮的夜空而不是流星分析：本句的是一个由what引导的主语从句，what作found的宾语。so that引导结果状语从句。passing overhead是非谓语动词作后置定语。darken是动词。2. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past.翻译：天文学家说光污染阻止了他们去看过去很容易就可以看到的天空中的目标。分析：本句中say后面的that引导的是一个宾语从句。而sky后面的that引导的是一个定语从句，先行词是objects ，that在从句中作see的宾语。3. There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution.翻译：可是除了专业和业余的观星者外，还有一个群体遭受着甚至更为严重的光污染的影响。分析：本句是一个there be 特殊结构。that引导的是一个定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词是population。4. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a persons chances of getting cancer.翻译：他们担心在睡觉的时候如果有太多的光亮的话可能会增加一个人得癌症的机会。分析：本句中worry 后面的that引导的是一个宾语从句，while sleeping引导的是时间状语从句的省略结构。of getting cancer是chances的后置定语。5. a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.翻译：此外，一个运动正在进行中，目的是为了提醒我们不用灯的时候要关掉它，这样其它生物也能共享夜晚。分析：本句中to remind是不定式作目的状语。when we are是when引导的时间状语从句，so that引导的是目的状语从句。【四川卷】EFear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head, according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear.Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩) and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed. Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to the fearful event, depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.Sarah Garfinkel at the Brington and Sussex Medical School said: “Our study shows for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown pictures of fearful faces. Dr Garfinkel said, “The study showed fearful faces are better noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed. Thus our hearts can also affect what we see and what we dont seeand guide whether we see fear.”To further understand this relationship, the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描仪) to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a persons feeling of fear. “We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and the brain speak to each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,” Dr Garfinkel said. “We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is death with and ways that it could be reduced, we may be able to develop more successful treatments for anxiety disorders, and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”47. What is the finding of the study?A. Ones heart affects how he feels fear.B. Fear is a result of ones relaxed heartbeat.C. Fear has something to do with ones health.D. Ones fast heartbeats are likely to cause