如何在新托福口语考试中做笔记.doc

如何在新托福口语考试中做笔记翟少成, /众所周知，为了模拟北美大学课堂的学术气氛和学生在校园生活的方方面面，新托福考试的口语部分首次允许考生做课堂笔记（笔记考完要上交，但笔记不算分）、并要求考生能够发表自己的意见和看法，而且必须具备对教授推荐的参考书写出读书报告、阐明自己观点的能力以及其他处理校园生活中可能遇到的各种情况的能力。本文拟对新托福口语考试（包括独立口语任务和综合口语任务）中如何做笔记的问题做深人地分析和探讨。Note-taking in the Independent Task该部分要求考生就某一自己熟悉的话题阐述自己的观点。一类问题是自由回答间题（Free-choice Response），如：If you could have any job in the world, what would it be? Use details to support your. response；另一类是选择类问题（Paired-choice Response），如：Do you like to try new kinds of food or eat the same kind of food all the time? Use details and examples to support your response,准备时间为15秒，回答问题时间为45秒。问题会被朗读出来，且同时出现在屏幕上。考生可以不用理会电脑的朗读，迅速阅读完问题。这样可以争取大概5秒，那么在这大约20秒内，考生可在草稿纸上迅速记下自己所要表达的关键信息。这里记笔记的方法为“TST表格”。TST ( Topic-Supporting ideas-Transitions）意思是考生须在草稿纸上用一到两个词写下欲表达的Topic（主题），Supporting ideas（分论点）和Transitions（信号词）。下面试举一例： Question: Where would you want to be professionally in ten years? Use details to support your response.考生应迅速在纸上写下“own bus.”、“master”、“work com.”、“start”等信息见以下TST( TopicSupporting ideasTransitions )表格。 Topic statement:own bus. (I would like to own my own business) Supporting ideas:( How I will work toward owning my business)*master (Will get masters in business ) *work com. (Will work in company while planning my business)*start (Will start my own business when I am ready) Transitions: 10 next because 3 within 10 y (可用y代替 years)Sample Answer In ten years I would like to win an import business of my own. Next year, I will be starting a masters program in business with a specialization in entrepreneurship. I will be getting this degree because I hope to start my own business and make it successful some day. After I finish my masters degree three years from now, I will most likely take a position in another company for a few years to make some money and to spend some time planning my own business. Within ten years, I hope to own my own company and be on the way to making it a success. 再举一例：: O5 x2 u; j! a0 g2 9 t7 h5 ?Question: Sometimes students have to write papers. Sometimes they have to give oral presentations. Which activity do you think is better for students, and why? Include details and examples in your explanation. 考生应迅速在纸上写下“pap”、“strong read write exams”、“more time think deeply”等信息。见以下TST( TopicSupporting ideasTransitions )表格：: Topic: pap (writing papers is better for students) Supporting ideas: (Why writing papers is better)4 Y4 l! G: f7 R( $ ?3 l: u* strong read write exams (need strong writing skills for reading and writing and prepare for exams)* more time think deeply(show understanding for more time to explain and think deeply)Transitions: firstly because, so also Sample Answer I think writing papers is better for students. Firstly we need to develop strong writing skills. We go to school mainly to learn reading and writing, so we need a lot of practice. Examinations require a lot of writing, so writing papers is good reparation. Also, I think writing is a better way to show that I understand. When I write a paper, I can think deeply because I have more time to explain my ideas.8为了给读者更多机会练习使用“TST表格”，特提供一下6个问题供大家练习。补充练习： 1. Describe a place that you consider to be beautiful. Explain why certain qualities of this place make it beautiful. Include details and examples to support your explanation.2. Some people relax by staying home. Others relax by going out. Which type of relaxation is better for your and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.-3. Describe an occasion when you were surprised. What happened to you, and why did you feel surprised? Include details and examples in your explanation.4. Some students prepare for tests by studying alone. Others prepare for tests by studying with other students or a tutor. Which study method do you think is better, and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.5.What type of home would you like to live in? Describe the characteristics of such a home and explain why you would like to live there. Include details and examples in your explanation.6. Some people exercise early in the morning. Others exercise in the afternoon or evening. Which time of day do you think is better for exercising and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.Note-taking in the Integrated Tasks1. ReadingListeningSpeaking第3题和第4题以试题中的阅读和听力材料为基础，要求考生回答相关问题。即ReadingListeningSpeaking，具体步骤是首先要求考生在45秒内阅读一篇短文，一般只含一个段落，随后短文隐去，播放一段与短文相关的对话或课堂演讲，其长度大约为1分半钟（比listening section中的材料篇幅要短）。最后，要求考生根据先前阅读的短文和所听到的材料回答相关问题，考生有30秒钟的准备时间，然后进行60秒钟的回答。而第5题和第6题要求考生先听一段听力材料，然后回答相关问题。即Listening-Speaking,听力材料通常有一段是情景对话，另一段是课堂演讲，其长度大约为1分半钟。考生有20秒钟的准备时间，之后进行60秒钟的回答。在综合口语任务里，你所需要记笔记的内容就是在读短文和听材料的过程中记下材料中的“main points”、“examples”、“reasons”等等。而是否能很快识别“信号词”（Signal Words）成为其中的关键。“信号词”（Signal Words或Transitions）是我们用来“追踪”说话人的思路的词汇，它就像“路标”一样指引着旅行者的方向。有了信号词，我们就知道说话人何时要举例子，何时要下结论，何时要解释原因等等。1）信号词*信号词的分类 种类例词所表达的含义时间顺序 Time-Sequencefirst, later, next, finally, before, after, now, previously, last, then, when, immediately, formerly, subsequently, presently, initially, ultimately meanwhile说话人想按时间顺序叙述事件举例Examplefor example, such as,for instance, illustrate举例子说明：Black English used to be considered simply poor English until linguists realized that the so-called errors were actually consistent alternative grammatical forms, some of which originated in African linguistic patterns. For example, the word be in standard English is primarily used as part of the infinitive to be. But in Black English, be can also be used to indicate a repeated action or existential state (Labov, 1972).列举 Enumerationand, too, finally, furthermore, first(ly), second, third, last, another, next说话人罗列观点（有时想暗示各观点不同的重要性 ): Firstly, I would like to talk about classical music and its representative composers. Next I would like to talk about Jazz music and some influential albums in the history of Jazz. Finally, I will move on to pop music in the last century.补充 Continuationalso, in addition, and, further, another, as well as说话人在继续讨论同一话题，并欲补充更多的信息:A computer is often called a “thinking machine,” and in many ways it is just that. Computers perform difficult and timesaving mathematical computations, as well as problems in logic and reasoning. In addition, computers run other machines and answer questions. Also, they are used to guide astronauts on take-off.比较或反差Comparison or Contrast比较类like, likewise, as, similarly, at the same time, as well as, both, all, in comparison,反差类 on the other hand,in contrast, despite,nevertheless, yet, instead,rather, notwithstanding,though, regardless, unlike,although, even though,whereas but, in spite of,on the contrary, however,说话人想说出一个与之前的观点相同，不甚相同甚至是相反的观点：The sex of the instructor affected the extent of active student participation. In classes taught by men with roughly equal proportions of male and female students, male students were responsible for about 75% of all class discussion. Similarly, with women as instructors, female student participation rose from 25% to 42%; in contrast, male participation slipped from 75% to 58%.强调 Emphasisimportant to note, most, above all, especially valuable, a central issue, especially relevant, should be noted, the most substantial issue, remember that, a major event,the principal item, pay particular attention to, the chief factor, most of all, a significant factor, a primary concern, a key feature, the main value说话人想说出最重要最核心的内容，说话人用这些词引起听众的注意:Although the resources of our world are limited, the wants of people are not. Indeed, one of the most important assumptions of economics is that the total human wants can never be satisfied. No matter how much we have, we seem to want more. As peoples income increase, so does their desire for more and better goods and services.因果Cause-Effectbecause, accordingly, for this reason, hence, resulting, as a result, so, then, thus, therefore, since, consequently说话人欲表现两个或多个事物之间的联系,尤其是它们之间的因果关系: Atherosclerosis is the result of the buildup of fat, fibrin, parts of dead cells, and calcium on the inside of the arteries. No one knows what causes this disease, but a number of things can speed its development. These include smoking cigarettes and eating animal fat and cholesterol. Others include age, hypertension, diabetes, stress, heredity, and sex (males have more heart attacks).总结Summarythus, in short, to conclude,in brief, in the end, in summary, to reiterate, in conclusion, to sum up,finally, therefore, thus,as already stated说话人欲复述或总结之前的话语：Euthanasia is defined as mercy killing, either by the sick people themselves or by their relatives or close friends. One controversial doctor is a strong proponent of this act: Dr. Jack Krevorkian. Dr. Krevorkian has publicly admitted to giving assistance to people who have committed suicide. As a result, he has been called a saint by some, a murderer by others定义Definitiondefine, is defined as, known as, that is, the term means, we mean, we can state, we refer to说话人欲给术语下定义：Our country has been obsessed with youth for far too many years. Age has been defined only as a decline from a peak of youth. Age is a fate worse than death. Negative stereotypes of older people are reinforced daily in the popular media, which contain very few examples of anyone 60 or older doing anything active or dynamic in society.*信号词识别练习, 为了让大家具有迅速识别信号词的能力，提供以下两则练习，大家做这两则练习时关键要在尽量短的时间内完成。) 将下表中的信号词添人适当的横线中for exampledifferconsequentlythereforealikemost significantmoreoverhowevermost importantin additionsuch asbutfor examplesimilarlyalsojust asespecially valuableEmphasis _Addition (Continuation)_ Comparison _Contrast_Illustration (Example)_请大家尽快划出下列短文中的信号词。短文后的数字暗示该短文中信号词的数量。*One of the most persistent desires of human beings has been to indulge in mood-hanging and pleasure-giving practices. For instance, diverse cultures have engaged in the drinking of alcoholic beverages of all descriptions. But as with most pleasure, overindulgence can be harmful to oneself and others. Also, not everyone agrees that drinking or using other mood modifiers should be an accepted pleasure. (4 signal words)* Energy is used to cause chemical changes. For example, a chemical change occurs in the electroplating of metals when electrical energy is passed through a salt solution in which the metal is submerged. A chemical change also occurs when radiant energy from the sun is utilized by plants in the process of photosynthesis. Moreover, as we say, a chemical change occurs when heat causes mercuric oxide to decompose. Chemical changes are often used to produce energy rather than new substances. The heat or thrust generated during the combustion of fuels is more important than the products formed. (5 signal words)* But even those pre-agricultural people who had fairly stationary living sites did not develop in civilizing ways comparable to the farmers. Agriculture probably required a far greater discipline than did any form of food collecting. Seeds had to be planted at certain seasons, some protection had to be given to the growing plants and animals, harvests had to be reaped. stored, and divided. Thus we might argue that it was neither leisure time nor a sedentary existence that produced great changes in human culture. The cause was rather the more rigorous demands associated with an agricultural way of life. Humanity was changing plants and animals to suit its needs, and living in close relation with plants and animals was changing humans way of life. (9 signal words)2）在阅读（Reading）短文时做笔记在第3和第4题中你会碰到两篇阅读短文，你所需要记笔记的内容就是在读短文的过程中记下材料中的“main point”以及“examples”和“reasons”等等。切忌写下过多的细节，或为了记笔记而忽略了中心思想。见下例（注意加黑处的信号词）：Isaac AsimovIsaac Asimov (1920-1992) was an amazing author who wrote an astounding amount of material on an even more astounding variety of subjects. His literary studies included line-by-line analyses of all of the play of Shakespeare; his historical research included works on the history of Greece, the Roman Empire, England, and France; he also wrote well-researched tomes on physics, chemistry, and astronomy. What he is most likely best known for today, however, is science fiction: his Foundation series on a galactic empire inspired by Gibbons Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and the / Robot series about a future society where humans and robots coexist. In total, Asimov wrote more than 500 books on this wide variety of subjects.从信号词我们知道： TOPIC OF READING PASSAGE: author Isaac AsimovMain points about Asimov：* wrote a huge amount of material (more than 500 books);*wrote on a wide variety of topics (literary analysis, history, physics, chemistry, astronomy, science fiction)以下是两篇阅读短文，请迅速识别出其信号词，并做出笔记： The Dead SeaThe Middle Eastern body of water called Bahr Lut in Arabic is known as the Dead Sea in English. This body of water is said to be dead not because it is the dried-out remnant to survive in it. The Dead Sea is a landlocked body of water with the Jordan River as its source and no outlet. Its high salt content, which results from the rapid evaporation due to the area s extremely high temperatures, makes it the saltiest body of water on Earth.PollingPolling is, of course, a survey of certain people to find out how they feel about an issue or about a candidate for a government post in an election. Polling involves, simply, asking people how they feel about an issue or a person and them tallying the results. When it is not feasible to contact everyone involved to find out what each person thinks because there are, for example, too many people to contact each one individually, then a representative sample of people can be polled and the results of the representative sample can be attributed to the population as a whole.3）在听对话或讲座时做笔记（Listening）, 在听讲座或对话时，你需要关注主要观点（major points）以及为了支撑其观点所使用的例子（examples）和原因（causes）Listening Passage: (Professor): Now Im sure youre all wondering how Asimov managed to write so much. Well, the simple answers that he did almost nothing except writing because thats what he was driven to do. Asimovs normal routine was to spend time, a lot of time, writing every day. He usually got up at 6 oclock in the morning; he was at work writing by 7:30 in the morning, and he wrote until 10 oclock in the evening. Thats a lot of time to spend writing. This desire to spend so much time writing prompted Asimov himself to say Writing is my only interest. Even speaking is an interruption. TOPIC OF LISTENING PASSAGE: how Asimov wrote so much Main points about topic: * Asimov wrote from 7: 30 in the morning to 10 oclock in the evening.* Asimov said,Writing is my only interest.4）整合笔记，最终开口（Speaking）以上我们讨论过如何在读文章和听材料时做笔记，现在我们已经拥有两份笔记，可以开始答题了，不过答题以前，需要明确以下几点：) *你的准备时间为30秒，回答时间为1分钟，回答须同时包括所听的材料和所读文章中的信息；*在答题时不要涉及个人观点，不要说例如“I think”之类的话。你的回答应该仅仅跟所读的文章和所听的材料有关。*在Reading-Listening-Speaking部分中，可能会问你以下几个向题：复述对话中所涉及到的一个观点,总结说话人得出某个观点的原因描述听力材料中教挽谈及的问题解释听力材料与阅读材料的联系:*此部分的评分标准听力和阅读材料中提炼出相关信息用听力和阅读材料中的适当细节和观点答题观点表达前后连贯一致表达清晰易懂, *在30秒钟的准备时间中，请务必仔细阅读问题的题干，听完材料后查阅* Y0 K1 z8 % M阅读材料和听力材料的笔记，提炼主要观点和说出支撑论点的23个分论点。*回答时间为1分钟，时间应该完全够用。语速适中，切记不要着急，请留意时间，你有20秒来展开每一个分论点。*表达必须连贯一致，符合逻辑顺序，适当使用Signal Words, 如下：*如欲介绍两个材料中的主要观点：The mans opinion is that.The woman believes that.According to the lecture.The professor made the point that.The reading states that.请看以下例子：例1：Reading2 FUNGI AND PLANT DISEASEOf all the organisms responsible for diseases in plants, fungi cause the most problems. Although a fungus is technically a small plant, it cannot make its own food and therefore survives by being a parasite-living off other plant hosts. A common fungus, southern blight, affects many vegetables, including tomatoes and potatoes. It appears as a fuzzy white growth on the plants stem near soil level. When the plant is infected with the blight, it wilts and then dies. The fungus may spread to the soil, where it can survive for years. Listening and Speaking (Narrator) Now listen to part of a lecture in a botany class. (Professor) Of all the organisms responsible for diseases in plants, fungi cause the most problems. Although a fungus is technically a small plant, it cannot make its own food and therefore survives by being a parasite-living off other plant hosts. A common fungus, southern blight, affects many vegetables, including tomatoes and potatoes. It appears as a fuzzy white growth on the plant s stem near soil level. When the plant is infected with the blight, it wilts and then dies. The fungus may spread to the soil, where it can survive for years. Because a fungus can survive for years in soil, the best way to control such a disease is to remove and destroy the infected plants, as well as six centimeters of soil around them. Avoid spreading disease by washing off your tools and your shoes when you go from an infected area to a healthy part of your garden. At the end of the gardening season, do a complete cleanup. You can also keep disease away by rotating crops. Crop rotation can be effective in preventing soil-borne disease, especially when the disease is caused by a fungus that likes specific plants. For example, the fungus that causes southern blight is attracted to tomatoes. Once this fungus is present, it will thrive in the soil from year to year, attacking the tomato plants. With crop