英语四级阅读辅导讲座.ppt

大学英语四级阅读辅导 深度阅读 篇,Reading in Depth,单词不懂怎么办？,1,为什么单词都懂还是错？,2,3,4,5,正确选项的特征,一、单词不懂怎么办？,在四级阅读考试出题的时候，出题人考查单词通常有以下三个目的： 考查在有生词的情况下，考生能否理解句子的意思； 考查考生是否真正理解认识的单词； 利用阅读文章中的生词，考查考生的词汇量,出题人通过阅读考查单词的时候，关注的并不是考生是否认识所有的单词，而是在有生词的情况下，考生是否能够根据该词的上下文推测、理解句意。 上帝把所有的门关上后，总会给你留下一扇窗。 The moment the God closes the door, he leaves a window open for you. 在难词、生词较多的地方，出题人会给我们留下一扇解题之窗。,英语中的单词，只有在一定的上下文(context)中才能表示一个确定的词义。因此，根据生词与上下文的关系，就可以推测该词的意思。利用上下文推测词义可以根据以下几条线索。 直接解释 近义复述 比较举例 反义对照 因果和时间 情景、经验与常识,直接解释,某些难词和偏词不易被读者理解，作者常会直接解释该词，或通过同位语直接给出定义，或使用定于从句加以说明。 在下定义时，作者往往会使用一些信号词，如：isare, that is, e.g., called, meaning, or, defined as, in another word, put another way等；或利用标点符号，如：分号、破折号和括号等。 请看以下几例：,Form the shelf above him, the old man took down a phialfail, a small glass bottle used to keep liquids, and he placed it on the table in front of him. Several other gases, such as argon, neon, krypton, xenonzenn , comprise the remaining one percent of the volume of dry air. .dulesns The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood , may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definitions as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.,3题,近义复述 有时作者喜欢用和生词意义相近的词语来复述该词。,It is difficult to list all of my fathers attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities. .pnsi He sold a panacea that he claimed was good for relieving stomach distress, headaches, fever, muscular disorders, seasickness and every other diseases. mitikjuls Being a meticulous typist, my secretary is very conscientious about correcting even the smallest error. .kniens,3题,比较举例,根据作者提供的比较物或例举物之间的共性，可以推知生词的含义。 用于比较的举例的指示词有：such as, like, for example等。 练习：,Condiment, such as salt, pepper, sauce, and mustard, is the very thing a cook turns to if he wants make the dishes taste better. lukweis Susan was the most loquacious man I d ever met. He talked with everyone on the ship, and he always had something to say, no matter what the topic.,2题,反义对照,作者有时使用although, but, however, on the other hand等带有转折语气的信号词，提醒读者注意一些意义相反的词语或概念。 练习,Although a larger number of people think the man to be guilty, I believe him to be innocent of the crime. Some people like to walk quickly home after work, but I prefer to stroll home and look at the store windows along the way. Their leader remained intrepid even in the face of great dangers.,3题,因果和时间,事物发展的因与果、时间顺序的先与后，都有必然的逻辑关系。根据这种关系可推测上下文中的词义。 练习,Luther was vary sad when his grandfather died, but thanks to the inheritance his grandfather left him, he could afford to go to college. pndimni:m There was pandemonium among the workers when the company announced it was cutting wages. The game will be in the bag if our pitcher doesnt hurt his arm again.,3题,情景、经验与常识,有些生词可以根据它们出现在文中的情景去理解，也可以结合读者自己的经验和常识来判断。如果读到与自己专业知识相近的文章，生词则更容易理解了。 练习,Fictions can also be classified into different groups according to the size, namely, novels, novelettes and short stories. Mr. Brown ran into a pedestrian with his car when it got out of control and drove onto the sidewalk.,2题，下页为单词,Word List 额外成就感,expert financial debate defence immigrant /emigrant ambitious psychological representative,n.专家，能手 a. 财政的，金融的 n./v. 辩论；讨论 n. 防卫，防卫物 n. 移民 a. 有野心的，有抱负的 a. 心理（学）的 n. 代表；代理人； a.有代表性的，典型的,主页面,二、为什么单词都懂还是错？,在单词都懂的情况下，题目还是做错可能由于以下原因： 常用的英语词汇往往都有一个以上的含义，当考查的是熟词偏义，就有可能对选项的判断造成影响。 出题人对选项进行了修饰，通过填词、减词或换词的手法，使选项的意思发生变化，无法与原文构成真正的同义替换关系。,练习,Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. “The point is, you need to do both,” Cohen says. “Intellectual activity influences brain-cell health and size.”,解析,本题题目与原文都没有涉及较难的单词。但出题人在题干中巧妙地设置了一个副词generally(通常)，使题干的意思变成：老年人通常被建议做什么？ B、D的内容实际上是Cohen提出的建议，而非“通常”的建议。因此A为正确答案。题干与原文的对应关系如下： as we age 当我们年龄增长 older people老年人 are frequently advised to are generally advised to 常常被建议 通常被建议 to keep physically active going in for physical activities 积极锻炼身体 参加身体锻炼,解析：,这道题你做对了吗？,We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffee, and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline（衰退） when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).,According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will _. A) decrease gradually B) become unstable C) improve enormously D) remain at the same level,解析,根据产品销售周期划分为四个阶段：引入阶段（Introduction stage）、快速增长阶段（stage of rapid of growth）、成熟阶段（stage of maturity）和衰退阶段（stage of decline）。 题干所提供的信息是“当人们对某种产品的某一特定品牌产生喜爱之情后，其销售将会怎么样”。在到原文中进行定位： people became attached to one brand = people grow fond of one particular brand. Attached 表示“喜欢的”，与“grow fond of”意思相同。因此，在这个阶段，其销售量应该是“level off”. Level off: 趋向稳定，达到平衡。 这道题你做对了吗？ 下一页单词,Word List 额外成就感,environment emotional beverage campaign capacity colleague confusing Volunteer Vague vei,n. 环境 a. 感情的，情绪的 n. 饮料 n. 战役，竞选运动 n. 能力；容量，溶剂 n. 同事 a. 使人困惑的，令人费解的 a. 志愿的；n. 志愿者 a. 模糊地；含糊的,主页面,三、句子不懂怎么办？,1)结构复杂，逻辑层次多; 2)单词意思常需根据上下文判断; 3)代词的指代关系复杂; 4)并列成分多; 5)修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长; 6)习惯搭配。 注：以上情况有可能单独出现，更多是“团伙作案”。,尽管原文句子很长，但不需要全部理解，因为其中的大部分信息并不是出题点。 解决之道就是从题干信息出发，在原文的长句中进行局部定位，找到与长句的某部分构成同义替换关系的选项即可。,真题练习: Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.,32. The underwater listening system was originally designed _ . A) to trace and locate enemy vessels B) to monitor deep-sea volcanic eruptions C) to study the movement of ocean currents D) to replace the global radio communications network 35. Which of the following is true about the U.S. Navy underwater listening network ? A) It is now partly accessible to civilian scientists. B) It has been replaced by a more advanced system. C) It became useless to the military after the cold war. D) It is indispensable(不可缺少的) in protecting endangered species.,Tracking whales is but one example / of an exciting new world / just opening to civilian scientists / after the cold war / as the Navy starts to share / and partly uncover its global network of / underwater listening system / built over the decades / to track the ships of potential enemies.,读懂长难句，最简单的做法就是把句子分割成一组组意群。 而分割的标志主要是四类词：介词、从句的先行词、非谓语动词和连词。,冷战结束后，海军对几十年来为追踪潜在敌舰而建立的全球海底监听系统做了部分解密，并开始同他人分享。追踪蓝鲸只不过是令人激动的新世界向民用科学家开放的一个例子。,整合后的意思：,32. The underwater listening system was originally designed _ . 关键词originally designed定位第三段尾句，并可替换built over the decades。正确选项是A。 定位与替换： to track = to trace and locate ships = vessels to track the ships of potential enemies = to trace and locate enemy vessels,解析,这道题你答对了吗？,35题定位与替换 根据关键词 Navy 和 underwater listening network，定位到第三段。 即可用选项A)替换：It is now partly accessible to civilian scientists民用科学家部分地使用这套系统。 B) It has been replaced by a more advanced system它已被更为先进的系统所替代，文中只讲此系统，对其它任何系统只字未提。所以此选项不正确。 C) It became useless to the military after the cold war该系统在冷战后变得毫无用途，文中无内容支持。 D) It is indispensable in protecting endangered species该系统在保护濒临灭绝的动物方面是必不可少的，文中也没有涉及此选项的内容。,While many good and useful claims are being made , it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy,” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder,2. As indicated in this passage , with so many good claims , the consumers _ A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy B) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling C) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment D) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment,While many good and useful claims are being made , it is clear / there is a long way to go / in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed / about the environmental impact / of products they buy,” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder,尽管有许多有关的和有用的声明，要确保购买者充分了解不同产品对环境的确切影响，还有漫长的道路要走。由此暗示消费者仍然不知道各种产品对环境的确切影响。,这题你做对了吗？,There is a long way to go in ensuring(原文) = still do not 仍然不（题干） adequately informed (原文) = know （题干） about the environmental impact (原文) = exact impact on the environment（题干） 正确答案为D,下一页单词,Word List 额外成就感,involved policy potential academic biological district diversity moral profit,a. 有关的，棘手的 n. 政策，方针 a. 潜在的，有可能的 a. 学术性的，纯理论的 a. 生物学的，生物的 n. 地区，区域 n. 多样化，多样性 a. 道德上的 n. 利润，收益,主页面,四、错误选项的特征,四级阅读考试题目设计错误选项的目的主要是干扰考生，如果他们不能正确理解文章的意思，就会作出错误的选择，导致阅读理解部分失分严重。 出题人在设计错误选项时通常利用以下三种信息： 一、未提及信息 二、非定位点信息 三、 不准确信息,未提及信息,有些选项的全部或部分是文章中没有提及的信息，基于这种设计思路的错误选项相对比较容易排除。 请看下面的例子：,According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, todays traditional-age college freshmen are “more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)” than at any time in the 17 years of the poll.,16. According to the authors observation, college students _. A) have never been so materialistic as today B) have never been so interested in the arts C) have never been so financially well off as today D) have never attached so much importance to moral sense,提干问的是作者对大学生的看法。 该段的意思是：一项对18.8万名学生进行的调查表明，与过去的17年相比，如今的大一新生表现出更多的物质主义、更少的利他主义。,B项是利用原文中未出现的信息设置的错误选项。 C项是关于文章后面的内容，借用了原文定位点以为得信息。 D项“从未如此强调道德意识”同样属于原文中没有提及的信息。 正确的选项是：A,这题你答对了吗？,解析,出题人在设计错误选项时，常用的方法是，把原文中没有的、但看上去和原文有相似之处的信息编写成干扰项，而且这种错误选项的编写往往会利用考生的常识，咋一看似乎言之有理。 要排除这种选项，关键就在于要能够根据提干信息准确地回原文定位。谨记四级阅读解题的两大核心原则“定位原则”和“替换原则”。,解题技巧,非定位点信息,由于选项并非提干所提问的内容，因此属于“答非所问”的情况。也就是说，即使原文提到了该信息，也无法使该选项成为答案。由于选项内容是原文中出现过的信息，所以该种选项的迷惑性较强。 排除该选项的干扰，需要根据提干信息，回到原文进行准确定位。,Some houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects. Located on the shore of Sullivans Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane (飓风) Hugo 10 years ago. In September 1989, Hugo struck South Carolina, killing 18 people and damaging or destroying 36,000 homes in the state.,Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolinas shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement of building codes wasnt strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who created the cleverly-designed beach house. In Hugos wake, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house on Sullivans Island should be able to withstand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.,36. After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo, new houses built along South Carolinas shore line are required _. A) to