2010高考英语语法知识点归纳总结定语从句.doc

十二、定语从句I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词先行词从句成分例 句备 注关系代 词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人或物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人或物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人或物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略关系副 词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichwhere地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for whichII. that与which, who, whom的用法区别情 况用法说明例 句只用that的情况1.先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时2.先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4.先行词既指人又指物时5.先行词被the only, the very修饰时6.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. as、which和that的区别从句区 别例 句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.the same. as和the same .thatthe same. as指同类事物the same .that 指原物Thats the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）Thats the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。注意：the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。IV.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别类 别区 别例 句定语从句与并列句定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。Mr Li has three daughters，none of _ is an engineer Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _ is a dancer从结构上看，小题是定语从句，故填whom；小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。定语从句与状语从句定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）Lets go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）It was already five oclock when the class was over.=When the class was over, it was already five oclock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）定语从句与同位语从句定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句）此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. The news that he told us interested all of us.他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he toldus.定语从句与强调句强调句的结构为“It iswas被强调部分that从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met Liang Wei at the airport It is the factory _ Mr Wang works从结构上看：小题是强调句，故填 that。小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。一、关系代词和关系副词的功能关系代词和关系副词功能有三个：1）用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。2）关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。3）关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。1、作主语 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词一致。All that is needed is a supply of oil.（引导词that在句中作主语）The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. （引导词who在句中作主语）2、作宾语 在定语从句里作宾语的关系代词在口语中常被省去The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. （引导词that，可省略）The fish (which) we bought was not fresh. （引导词which，可省略）3、作定语 关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 注意：关系代词whose在从句中与它所修饰的词一起作介词宾语时，可以跟介词放在主语和从句之间。The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 4、作状语 关系副词where, when和why在定语从句中分别作地点状语、时间状语和原因状语。Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. This is the reason why he came late. 二、关系代词的用法英语中的关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它们的用法如下：1、who，whom的用法who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. (作主语)The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. (whom作宾语能省略)His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. （whom引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略）2、whose的用法whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。I have a friend whose father is a mayor. We lived in a house whose window faces south. 3、which 的用法which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice.（作主语，不能省略）It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy. (作宾语，可以省略)He came late, which we all know. （作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略）4、that 的用法that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。All the people that come from the country work much harder. （that指人，在从句中作主语，不能省略）She is the only person(that) I can trust.（that指人，在从句中作宾语，可以省略）5、关系代词that和which的区别（1)相同点这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai. (作主语)The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful. (作宾语，可省略)（2）用that，不用which的情况当先行词是不定代词all, one, few, little, everything, nothing, any, anything, little等不定代词或被它们修饰时。Is there anything that I can do for you?He answered few questions that the teacher asked.当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.当先行词有the very，the only，the same等修饰时。Thats the only thing that we can do now.Those are the very words that he used.当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。China is not the country that it was.当要避免与疑问词which重复时。Which is the car that was made in Beijing?当先行词为the way, the time, the period等时，关系代词常用that，但通常被省略。I dont like the way(that)you speak to her.（3）用which，不用that的情况引导非限制性定语从句。Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.直接放在介词后作宾语时。Language is the most important tool without which people cant communicate with each other.6、关系代词who与that的区别（1）当先行词是he、people、those等时，引导词常用who。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. Those who are for me, put up your hands. （2）当引导词作定语从句的表语时常用that。She isnt the little girl that she used to be. He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.7、as的用法（1）as引导限制性定语从句通常构成such.as或the same.as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。Many of the sports were the same as they are now. (作表语)Dont read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.He lent me as much money as he had.（2）suchthat与suchas“suchthat”表示“如此以致”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“suchas”表“像这样的”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。He is such an honest man that we respect him.He is such an honest man as we respect.（3）the samethat与the same as“the samethat”表同一人或物，而“the sameas”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子：This is the same book that I lost.（指同一本书）This is the same book as I lost.（并不是原来的那一本）（4）as 引导非限制性定语从句as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.四、关系副词英语中的关系副词有where，when，why等。1、when的用法when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从何中作时间状语。July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 2、where的用法where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。She will go home where she can rest. 注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一定都用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词which或that。This is the factory that/which we visited last year.I wont forget the time that we spent in the countryside.3、why的用法why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。This is the reason why he did so. Do you know the reason why he left early?五、“介词关系代词”用法“介词+关系代词”的结构是一较为复杂的问题，初学英语者对此往往感到棘手。因此，下面仅就几种常见的“介词+关系代词”的结构浅析如下。1、介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语介词+which在关系分句中分别作时间，地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when，where和why。I still remember the day on which (=when)I first came to school.The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one. This is the reason for which(=why)he was put in prison.2、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作地点状语介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在关系分句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，关系分句主谓常须倒置。They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.3、不定代词或数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在定语从句中作主语不定代词或数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作主语，说明整体中的部分。China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan.There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film.4、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。Could you tell me for whom youve bought this coat?5、介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)，用于被动结构的关系分句中，作状语，说明动作的发出者。The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.6、名词+of which，代替whose+名词，在关系分句中作定语。I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves)were black with disease.He mentioned a book, the title of which (=whose title )Ive forgotten.7、介词+which(指物)/whose(指人)，修饰后边的名词。The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.比较：介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个带有主语和谓语的定语从句。She had only 1.87 with which to buy(=she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.At last he had something about which to write (=he could write) home. 六、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句为先行词不可缺少的定语。如果将这种定语从句省去，主句的意思就会不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。She has found the necklace that she lost 2 years ago. (限制性定语从句)This is the man who came to see you yesterday. (限制性定语从句)It happened at the time when I left the office. 2、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that来引导。Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who seemed to be busy. (非限制性定语从句)In Britain, which has a population of 55. 8 million, 110,000 people die from smoking each year. (非限制性定语从句)3、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别（1）形式上不同非限制性定语从句在书写时往往用逗号和主句分开，而限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句分开。Last night I saw a very good film，which was about the Long March.The man whom I met in the street was a driver.（2）可否省略的不同限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义，而非限制性定语从句是对先行词作的附加说明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。I was the only person in my office who was invited.They set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.（3）关系代词的不同非限制性定语从句不能用that代替who，whom和which，并且关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时也不能省略，但在限制性定语从句中却恰恰相反。如: This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.She sang a new song, which we liked very much.（4）翻译方式不同限制性定语从句往往译在先行词之前，而非限制性定语从句往往译为一个并列的句子。She is the nurse who looks after the children.她就是照料这些孩子的阿姨。This note was left by Xiao Wu, who was here a moment ago.这个条子是小吴留的，她刚才到这儿来过。比较:He has a brother, who lives in Beijing. (有一个哥哥。) He has a brother who lives in Beijing. (可能有几个哥哥，其中一个是住在北京的。)4、as与which在非限制性定语从句中的用法区别as和which作为关系代词都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句所表达的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，但它们在用法上是有区别的，这一点许多学生往往搞不清楚。现就它们引导非限制性定语从句时的用法简述如下：（1）相同之处当从句位于主句之后，引导词指代整个主句所表达的全部意义时，as和which可以互换。The elephant is like a snake, as/which everybody can see.He is an Englishman, as/which I know from his accent.（2）不同之处as引导非限制性定语从句时，位置比较灵活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之中或之后，而which引导非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能谓语主句之前。Robert is good at languages, as we all know. 罗伯特擅长学语言，这我们都知道。As is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time. Air, as we know, is a gas.注意：as引导非限制性定语从句常有“如同那样”的含义，因此在一些固定结构如as we know/as is known to all(众所周知),as we all can see(正如我们大家都能看到的那样),as has been said before/above(正如前文所述),as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那样),as might be imagined(可以想象得到),as might be expected(正如所预料的那样),as is often the case(情况常常是这样)等中，一般不能用which代替as。搭配上，在由the same或such所修饰的名词后通常用as作关系代词引出限制性定语从句。I have got into the same trouble