不定式的句法功能归纳.doc

不定式的句法功能归纳不定式虽然不能做谓语，但保留着动词的特征，可带有自己的宾语和状语，从而形成不定式短语。不定式短语具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，可做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等句子成分。一、不定式做主语(1) 英语中，不定式短语可放在句首充当句子的主语。如：To learn English well is very important. 学好英语很重要。(2) 但为了使句子平衡，常用it做形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语不定式放到句末，特别是在疑问句及感叹句中必须采用这种方式。如：It is very important to learn English well. 学好英语很重要。Is it necessary to bring an umbrella today? 今天带雨伞有必要吗？(3) 不定式做主语时，不能有单独的名词或代词做逻辑主语，而应用for sb. /of sb. 做它的逻辑主语，当不定式表示对逻辑主语的利害关系时，用for sb；当不定式用来对逻辑主语表示赞美或责备时，用of sb。如：It is not good for your eye to read in the sun. 在阳光下看对你的眼睛不好。It is very kind of you to help us. 你来帮助我们，真是太好了。二、不定式做宾语(1) 在英语中，不定式可用来做宾语。如：He agrees to go with us. 他同意跟我们一起去。I want to buy a Chinese-English dictionary. 我想买一本汉英词典。 (2) 不定式做宾语时须注意：A. 不定式并不是可做任何及物动词的宾语。能接不定式做宾语的动词有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, desire, demand, determine, elect, expect, fail, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, know, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, promise, pretend, prefer, refuse, require, start, try, wait, want, wish, wonder. 如：I cant afford to buy such an expensive computer. 我买不起这么昂贵的电脑。He decided to work in that factory. 他决定去那家工厂工作。B. 做宾语的不定式如果带有自己的补足语，则须用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语置于补足语之后。如：Do you think it necessary to master a foreign language? 你认为掌握一门外语有必要吗？I find it interesting to stay with you. 我发觉与你呆在一起很有趣。C. 不定式一般不做介词的宾语，但可做介词but, except的宾语，并且，当but, except前面如果有动词do时，不定式的to须省略。如：He said nothing except to go away. 他一话没说就走了。Now we cant do anything but wait for him. 现在我们只能等待他。三、不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语的补足语须从三个方面来掌握。(1) 动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时，不定式的to不能省略。这样的动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, help, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, call on, wait for, long for。如：The teacher advised us to learn through experiment. 老师劝我们通过实验来学习。They didnt allow us to enter the hall. 他们不允许我们进入大厅。(2) 动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时，不定式的to须省略。这样的动词有：have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe ，但它们变为被动语态时，不定式的to不能省略。如The boss made the workers work over ten hours a day in the past. The workers were made to work over ten hours a day by the boss. 过去老板使工人们每天工作十多个小时。I saw Li Lei fall down from his bike. Li Lei was seen to fall down from his bike. 我看见李蕾从单车上摔了下来。(3) 动词help接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时，不定式的to可省略也可不省略。如：He often comes to help us (to) do some farming work. 他经常来帮我们干农活。四、不定式做表语(1) 不定式短语可用来做系动词的表语。如：My hope is to become a scientist like Einstein. 我的希望就是做一个像爱因斯坦那样的科学家。My job is to teach English. 我的工作就是教英语。(2) 不定式做表语时须注意两点：A. 一般说来，不定式前面的to不能省略，但当主语部分含有动词do时，to须省略。如：What I want is to visit the History Museum now. 我所想的就是现在去参观历史博物馆。What he wants to do is go swimming in that river. 他想做的事就是去河里游泳。B. 不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，表示主语的责任、义务或将来的行为；当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，不定式是表语，表示主语的内容或性质。如：We are to keep the order in the street. 我们将去街上维持秩序。(将来时) Our job is to keep the order in the street. 我们的工作是维持街上的秩序。(系表结构) 五、不定式做定语(1) 不定式做定语时，一般放在所修饰的名词、代词之后，表示即将发生的动作。如：We have much work to do. 我们有很多事情要做。I have a letter to answer. 我有一封信要回复。(2) 不定式做定语时，中心词与不定式的关系：A. 主谓关系，即：中心词是不定式的逻辑主语。如：Li Lei was the first student to come into the classroom this morning. 今天早晨李蕾是第一个进教室的学生。Liu Ying was the very girl to meet you. 刘英正是来接你的那个女孩子。B. 动宾关系，即：中心词是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：Do you have anything to do now? 你现在有事情要做吗？I have some clothes to wash. 我有些衣服要洗。当不定式与所修饰的中心词有动宾关系时，不定式中的动词须为及物动词，若是不及物动词，不定式后须加上适当的介词。如：Go ahead, please. I have a friend to wait for here. 请先走吧，我还有个朋友要在这儿等。C. 说明关系，即：不定式是中心词的内容。如：I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird. 我做了一个像鸟儿在天上飞的梦I have a wish to go to college. 我有一个上大学的愿望。六、不定式做状语不定式做状语，可表示动作的目的、结果、原因、条件和方式。A. 表目的表目的时，不定式可放在句子的前面也可放在句子的末尾。但在句子前面时，不定式常与句子用逗号隔开；而在句子末尾时一般不用逗号隔开。如：To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning. 为了按时到达那儿，我们早晨五点就出发了。He goes there to enjoy the fresh air. 他去那儿享受那儿的新鲜空气。比较：to do, in order to do, so as to do都可表示目的，但to do, in order to do的位置既可在句首，又可在句末；而so as to do只能在句末。In order to build a house, he bought some wood and steel yesterday. He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house. / He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build a house. 为了建房，昨天他买来了木料和钢材。B. 表结果不定式在下列结构中表示谓语动作的结果，不定式的位置一般在句子末尾。(1) 表示终结性的动词find, see, hear, learn, discover的不定式，常表示出乎意料的结果，并且，不定式前常有never, only等副词修饰。如：I hurried to the railway station yesterday, (only) to find that the train had left. 昨天我急急忙忙赶到火车站时，发现火车已经开走了。I went to the classroom, to discover it empty. 我走到教室，结果发现教室是空的。(2) 在 “so + adj. / adv. + as + to do”中。如：The scenery is so beautiful as to attract many people here every year. 景色非常美，每年都要吸引很多人来这里。(3) 在 “adj. / adv. + enough + to do”中。如：He ran fast enough to catch up with Li Lei. 他跑得很快，结果赶上了李蕾。(4) 在 “so + adj. / adv. +a(n) + n. + as + to do”中。如：This is so interesting a story as to interest children. 这是个很有趣的故事，使孩子们非常感兴趣。(5) 在 “such + adj. / adv. + n. + as + to do”中。如：She is such a good girl to help you make great progress. 她是个非常好的姑娘，帮助你取得了很大的进步。(6) 在 “too + adj. / adv. + to do”中。如：They went too slowly to catch the early bus. 他们走得太慢了，结果没能赶上早班车。C. 表原因不定式表示原因时，一般放在句子的末尾，说明主语某种心情、情感(glad, pleased, sad, worried, sorrow, excited) 所产生的原因。如：Im very glad to hear that Li Lei has been elected secretary of the Party. 听说李蕾被选为了党的书记，我很高兴。D. 表条件不定式表示条件时，一般放在句首。如：To be heated, liquid will change into gas. 如果受热，液体就会变成气体。E. 表方式不定式可接在as if / as though之后表示方式时，如：He moved his mouth as if to say something. 他的嘴唇动了动，好像要说什么事似的。七、不定式做同位语不定式可用作同位语，说明某些名词或代词task, idea, thought的内容。不定式做同位语时，在名词或代词与不定式之间常用逗号隔开。如：Suddenly I have got the idea, to hunt rabbits in the woods. 突然，我有了这个想法，去林子里去猎取野兔子。八、不定式做独立成分To tell you the truth, I dont like it. 告诉你实话，我不喜欢它。分词的主要句法功能归纳一、分词用作表语The news is encouraging. 这消息令人鼓舞。The present situation is terrifying. 目前形势令人惊恐。Please be seated. 请坐好。The window was broken. 窗户破了。【注】(1) 有的用作表语的分词具有形容词性质，有的甚至已转化为形容词。(2) 现在分词和动名词作表语的区别：现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征，而动名词作表语则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释：My job is interesting. 我的工作很有趣。My job is teaching maths. 我的工作是教数学。另外，动名词作表语时它可与主语交换位置，而现在分词作表语则不可与主语交换位置：误：Interesting is my job.正：Teaching maths is my job.还有，作表语的现在分词不能带宾语，而作表语用的动名词可以带宾语(如上例)。二、分词用作定语What disappointing news! 多么令人失望的消息!The story had a satisfying ending. 这故事有一个令人满意的结局。She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。All these are required subjects. 所有这些都是必修课。【注】(1) 单个的分词作定语可以置于被修饰词语之前，但若是分词短语作定语则应置于被修饰名词之后：There is a gentleman asking to see you. 有一位先生要求见你。She bought a computer produced in China. 她买了一台中国生产的电脑。 (2) 由现在分词being构成的短语通常不能用作后置定语，除非这个being是构成被动结构的助动词：误：Anyone being ill can take the medicine.(因being不是助动词，故错)正：Anyone who is ill can take the medicine. 任何人病了都可服这药。正：He isnt interested in the question being discussed. 他对讨论的问题不感兴趣。(3) 现在分词作后置定语时，它所表示的动作通常不能发生在谓语动作之前(这也就是为什么现在分词的完成式不能用作后置定语的原因)：误：The man stealing having stolen the car was caught. 正：The man who stole the car was caught. 偷汽车的那个人被抓了。(4) 现在分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别：现在分词作定语时，它所修饰的名词通常就是现在分词的逻辑主语，并且通常可转换成一个定语从句；而动名词作定语表示的是被修饰名词的作用、用途等。比较：a moving truck 正在移动的汽车(moving为现在分词，与truck有主谓关系)a moving truck 搬家汽车(moving为动名词，说明truck的用途)a hunting dog 正在猎物的狗(hunting为现在分词，与dog有主谓关系)a hunting dog 猎狗(hunting为动名词，说明dog的用途)三、分词用作状语分词作状语可以表示多种关系：(1) 表时间：Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫，老鼠就跑了。The work finished, he went home. 工作做完后，他就回家了。(2) 表原因：Being very weak, she couldnt move. 她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。His car broken down, he had to walk. 他的车坏了，所以只好走路。Much discouraged，she moved on to London. 她很沮丧，搬到了伦敦。(3) 表条件：United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间，我们可以做得更好。Working hard, you will succeed. 如果努力工作，你就可以成功。Adding them all up, we can find the answer. 如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答案。(4) 表让步：Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。(5) 表方式：He earns a living driving a truck. 他靠开卡车谋生。Im returning you letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信。(6) 表伴随：He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。Dont you sit there doing nothing. 别什么也不干坐在那里。He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。(7) 表结果：He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五个孩子。It rained and rained, vehicles bogged and bridges washed out. 雨不停地下，车辆陷入泥沼，桥梁被水冲去。四、分词用作宾补足语He soon had them all laughing. 他很快逗得大家都笑了。I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。We found him greatly changed. 我们发现他变化很大。I heard my name called. 我听到有人叫我的名字。【注】比较以下两句用现在分词作宾补与用不带to的不定式作宾补的区别：I saw the children playing in the street. 我看见孩子们在街上玩。I saw the children enter a shop. 我看见孩子们进了一家商店。一般说来，用现在分词表示动词在进行，用动词原形表示动作的全过程。除动词see外，hear, notice, feel 等动词也有类似区别。动名词的句法功能动名词是非谓语动词的一种，它由动词原形加-ing构成，形式上与现在分词相同。动名词除具有动词性质外，还具有名词的性质。动名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语等，但不能用作谓语(故称动名词为非谓语动词)。一、动名词用作主语Saving is getting. 节约即增收。Finding work is difficult these days. 现在找工作可不容易。Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路有时很可怕。【注】动名词作主语时，有时可用it作形式主语：Its hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。Its fun being taken to the zoo. 被带去逛动物园很有意思。用it代替动名词作形式主语的两个常用句型： Its no use saying any more about it. 再谈这事没有用。Is it any good trying to explain? 试图作些解释有用吗?二、动名词用作表语My favorite sport is swimming. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。His job is looking after sheep. 他的任务是看羊。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。【注】不定式和动名词均可用作主语和表语，两者的区别是：动名词多指笼统的、抽象的概念，而不定式则多表示具体的、一次性的动作。三、用作宾语Excuse me for coming late. 对不起我来晚了。 Most students enjoy asking questions in English. 多数学生都喜欢用英语提问。【注】动词用作介词宾语时，通常只用动名词形式，而不用不定式形式，典型的例外是表示“除外”的except和but(它们后接动词作宾语时通常用不定式)。四、动名词用作宾语补足语Can we call this serving mankind? 这能叫为人类服务吗？I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我管这叫做拆东墙补西墙。【注】动名词用作宾语补足语时，主要动词通常是call。五、动名词用作定语We need a new working method. 我们需要一种新的工作方法。The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills. 医生叫我不要服安眠药。【注】与不定式和现在分词作定语不同，动名词作定语不以短语的形式出现，而且总是位于被修饰名词之前(在许多情况下构成合成名词)，用以表示被修饰名词的用途、目的和场合：reading room 阅览室operating table 手术台swimming pool游泳池singing competition歌咏比赛drinking water饮用水washing machine洗衣机非谓语动词的被动语态1. 不定式的被动语态由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：He needs to be taken care of. 他需要人照顾。Not a sound was to be heard. 听不到一点声音。Its better to be prepared than unprepared. 有准备比没有准备好。【注】有时用不定式的完成体被动式(to have been+过去分词)：I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我。2. 现在分词的被动语态由“being+过去分词”构成。如：The building being repaired is our library. 正在维修的那座楼是我们的图书馆。Being protected by a wall，he felt quite safe. 有一堵墙保护，他感到很安全。He was seen being taken away by the police. 有人看见他被警察带走了。【注】有时用现在分词的完成体被动式(having been+过去分词)：Having been invited to speak, Ill start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。3. 动名词的被动语态由“being+过去分词”构成。如：She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。He objected to being treated as a child. 他反对被当成孩子看待。This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。4. 过去分词没有被动式过去分词本身可以表示被动意义，但它没有相应的被动语态形式。如：The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。非谓语动词考题五种常见设题陷阱陷阱一：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查省略句1. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day. A. wateredB. wateringC. waterD. to water2. No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. A. performedB. performingC. to be performedD. being performed3. I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend. _ good. A. SoundB. SoundedC. SoundingD. Sounds陷阱二：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是形容词的用法1. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _ in his lectures. A. interestedB. interestingC. interestD. to interest2. _ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. A. SurprisingB. SurprisedC. Being surprisedD. To be surprising陷阱三：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查某种句式1. Its a long time since I saw my sister. _ her this weekend?A. Why not visit B. Why not to visitC. Why not visiting D. Why dont visit 2. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming. A. forgetB. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget陷阱四：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查祈使句1. Mary, _ here everybody else, stay where you are. A. come B. comes C. to comeD. coming2. What should I do with this passage? _the main idea of each paragraph. A. Finding out B. Found outC. Find out D. To find out陷阱五：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查并列句1. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _down to eat our picnic lunch. A. sittingB. having satC. to sitD. sat2. _ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told3. First _ the rice by washing it, then _ it in boiling water. A. prepare, cook B. preparing, cooking C. preparing, cook D. prepare, cooking1. Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon. (2007四川卷)A. saidB. says C. saying D. to say2. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, _ in the natural light during the day. (2007天津卷)A. to let B. letting C. letD. having let3. My parents have always made me _ about myself, even when I was twelve. (2007江苏卷)A. feeling wellB. feeling goodC. feel wellD. feel good4. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _, he gladly accepted it. (2007安徽卷)A. finishedB. finishingC. having finished D. was finished5. Did Peter fix the computer himself? He _, becaus