高考英语短文改错解题指导.docx

高考英语短文改错解题指导 以往，短文改错题是高考英语全国试卷和绝大多数单独命题省市试卷的基本题型。由于其综合了对于高中生英语语法、阅读和写作能力的综合考察，所以一直以来都是学生们颇感棘手的难题。我们认为，经过合理的指导和科学的训练，学生们完全可以熟悉其核心的命题思路和解题技巧，从而取得理想的成绩。一、高考英语改错题的命题特点分析短文改错题共计10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分。高考的改错题以完整篇章的方式出现，所以需要学生首先建立整体把握和连贯思索的审题模式，切忌单独处理每一行的习惯性思维错误。从上个世纪九十年代开始出现以来，高考短文改错题的考察方式基本已经稳定下来，其设疑方式不外乎：无错（1处）、多词或少词（3到4处）以及错词（5-6处）。而且，没有单词拼写、标点符号或词序错误，只涉及语法、习惯表达和语义逻辑层面。二、高考英语改错题的解题指导原则短文改错没有任何技巧，只能老老实实的走下去针对其命题特点，我们提出如下两条核心的总体原则：（一）通读全文其重要性毋须重申。通过阅读全文，迅速对以下几个问题做出判断：1、 文章的主体时态。任何体裁和题材的文章都是发生在一个宏观的时态背景之下的，通过浏览全文，圈定其主体时态到底是现在时、过去时还是将来时。然后在进一步解题的过程中，凡是和该主体时态发生冲突的局部时态，都有可能存在问题，需要引起警惕。2、 文章的叙事逻辑。在篇章改错的语境中，个别单句在语法上可能是完全正确的，但它的逻辑却和全文的整体逻辑出现重大分歧。比方说，一篇议论文，整体上对某个话题是持肯定态度，但其中的个别单句却背道而驰地表示了否定，那么该单句就有可能是因为多词或少词错误而导致了这种逻辑冲突。3、 文章的叙事角度。是作者对自我事件的描述，还是对一般话题的阐述？这直接关系到改错题中经常出现的代词指代问题。（二） 以句为改错单位尽管篇章改错是每行设置为一个小题，但每一个完整的英文句子往往横跨2-3行，而出题人往往会抓住学生紧盯单行的毛病，而故意设置跨行错误或考察句首句尾与上下文的衔接。三、高考英语改错题的常见错误类型根据对近十年全部高考改错题的统计分析，我们认为，短文改错题所涉及到的高频考点，恰好也是中学生在写作中经常出现的错误。我们希望考生能够参考我们所总结的常见错误类型，在练习改错题的时候学会对应和归纳，这样才能够提高对错误的嗅觉力和敏感度。这些错误类型主要为：1、动词的时态和语态2、句子结构和句子完整性3、名词单复数及主谓一致问题4、上下文语意和指代5、介词6、固定（习惯）用法7、词性8、冠词9、连词和从句引导词10、动词不定式四、实例分析接下来，我们以考题为例，分析短文改错题的具体解题流程。1）There are advantage for students to work while2）studying at school. One of them was that3）they can earn money. For the most part,4）students working to earn money for their own5）use. Earning their own money allow them6）to spend on anything as if they please.7）They would have to ask their parents for8）money or for permission to do things by9）the money. Some students may also to save10）up for our college or future use.通过阅读全文，我们发现：1、 这是一篇议论文，探讨学生是否应该打工。主体时态是现在时。第2）小题的局部时态和主体时态发生冲突，而且经过进一步判断，属于时态错误。2、 文章的第一句是这篇议论文的论点，它明确了全文的立足点：打工有好处。因此，第7）小题虽然没有任何语法错误，但其逻辑和全文的整体逻辑恰好背道而驰。3、 文章是作者站在第三方对一个一般现象进行的评论，主体叙事角度与“我”、“我们”无关。第10）小题的代词“our”有错误嫌疑。第1）小题，There are advantage for students to work while中，系动词are和主语advantage的单复数一致性出现了问题，但此时还不能贸然判断究竟是哪一个出现了问题。通过阅读下文，我们得出至少有两个层面的“好处”，因此把advantage改为advantages；第2）小题，studying at school. One of them was that中，我们已经解释过了，时态错误，应将was改为is；第3）小题，they can earn money. For the most part,中，没有错误，for the most part为习惯表达，表示“最主要的原因是”，且语法无误；第4）students working to earn money for their own中，working是非谓语形式，导致该句没有谓语，是一个典型的不完整句，因此要将working改为work，还原其谓语功能。第5）小题，use. Earning their own money allow them中，主语为动名词形式的earning，与谓语allow的一致性出现问题，应改为allows；第6）小题，to spend on anything as if they please.中，从句引导词错误，导致含义混乱，应将as if改为as；第7）小题，They would have to ask their parents for中，如上文中的解释，改为should not；第8）小题，money or for permission to do things by中，介词使用有误，这主要还是一个语法问题。将by改为with；第9）小题，the money. Some students may also to save中，情态动词和不定时的语法问题，应该将to去掉；第10）小题，up for our college or future use.中，我们解释过了，这里的代词our与全文的叙述角度发生冲突。经判断，将其改为their。大致上，短文改错涵盖面较广，本文只是总结了数年考试题型做了归纳，总之这类题十分注意细节。令：本文是其他一线教师力作，拿来即用。2009高考英语短文改错专题技巧点拨及强化训练 短文改错旨在测试考生发现、判断和纠正错误的能力。它要求考生具有词法、句法和在语篇中综合运用英语的能力，因此考点综合性强，覆盖面广，错项设置类型多，是历年高考英语中的难题。为了提高做短文改错题的能力，除了要加强基础知识的积累、提高语篇的整体理解能力之外，还应该对其错项设置的基本情况有所了解，以便做到目标明确，有的放矢，从而提高解题的正确率。本文拟从语法和逻辑的角度，用口诀的形式，向同学们介绍高考英语短文改错中最常见的几类错误。 12 短文改错口诀：动词形，名词数，注意是形还是副；非谓动词细辨别，习惯用法要记住；句子成分多分析，逻辑错误须关注。一 动词形主要包括两类错误：动词的时态和语态错误，以及主、谓不一致的错误。例如：My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team. isNow my picture and prize is hanging in the library. are上述两例分别属于时态错误和主、谓不一致错误。找出此类错误的关键是树立牢固的时态概念，注意短文内容发生或存在的时间，保持时间概念的一致性。 二 名词数指名词单、复数形式的用法错误。常表现为将名词复数写成单数。例如：so that Ill get good marks in all my subject. subjects三 区分形和副及区分形容词和副词在句子中的作用和具体用法。 这也是高考短文改错的常考点。例如：Im sure well have a wonderfully time together. wonderfulUnfortunate, there are too many people in my family. Unfortunately需要注意的是，形容词多用来做定、表、补语等，而副词只能在句子中作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。第一例中的wonderful作定语修饰time，第二句的Unfortunately作状语修饰整个句子。四 非为动词细辨别这是考查最多的错误形式之一。主要有分词和动名词类错误，也包括不定式类错误。例如：in my spare time, but now I am interesting in football. interested Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also playing My parents love me and will do all they can make sure to上述二、三例分别是动名词作主语，和不定式作目的状语。一般的，现在分词有主动态和进行时的含义，而过去分词具有被动态和完成时的含义，不定式有将来时态的含义。五 习惯用法要记住主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识。这也是历年高考的常考点，其错误表现形式主要有三种：多词、少词和搭配错误。 例如：It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and ofWe must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ourselves. of六 句子成分多分析不同的句子成分要用不同的词类；不同的语景要选择不同的词语。这些都有待我们对句子结构和句子成分作细致的分析，才能找出用词不当的错误。例如：They eager to know everything about China and wereI live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. which第一例漏掉了谓语动词were，这是受寒于习惯的影响而导致的错误；第二例则是词类与它在句子中的成分不相符，where是副词，不能作主语。七 逻辑错误须关注与句子的上、下文不一致，甚至相矛盾，属于逻辑性错误。如称谓上的张冠李戴，人名、地名、时间、方位等方面的错误，常是这类错误的考查对象。例如：The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home. theirFirst, let me tell you something more about myself. 去掉more no way of setting the matter except by selling the set.Now someone at home reads instead. everyone上述第一例中的主语是Smiths（史密斯夫妇俩），因此后面的his不合逻辑。第二例中的more在这儿表“再”的意思，才开始告诉别人，怎么能说“再告诉你一些事”？第三例讲的是为了解决看电视时的争端，“我们”把电视机卖了；晚上没电视看了，所以与从前一样，大家又都读书了，所以该用everyone。除了上述错误类型外，常考的错误形式还有：连词but, and, or和so的用法错误（可以归类为逻辑错误），以及冠词的用法错误等。例如：She was smiling but nodding at me. andIt looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. orWe may be one family and live under a same roof. the下面是全国高考试题中的短文改错题。这道题较全面地反映了本文的口诀。现在请你试着做一做，然后参阅题后的答案与简析。Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to EmeiMountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows, its famous 76. _Mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather 77. _Was fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of 78. _the mountain, the three of them were very excited. As we 79. _climbed the mountain, we ed monkeys, visiting temples 80. _and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture 81._since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. 82. _Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top 83. _of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was 84. _good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my 85. _head touched the pillow.答案与简析：76. famous前加上a。 （名词数）。 77. 正确 78. we前面加when，引导一个时间状语从句。（句子成分多分析） 79. themus （逻辑错误须关注） 80. visitingvisited（非谓动词细辨别） 81. picturepictures（名词数） 82. passespassed（动词形） 83. 去掉down（习惯用法要记住） 84. andbut（but, and, or和so） 85. 去掉at（句子成分多分析 / 习惯用法要记住）。下面再次让我们熟悉一下短文改错的设错规律：错误类型包括缺词、多词和错词。其中1行正确，9行需要改正。正确1111多一词2121缺一词2211错一词5667难度系数0.440.420.470.46 短文改错常见错误类型1. 谓语动词的错误是历年考试的重点和热点 常见动词错误类型有 一般现在时与一般过去时错用； and 前后动词时态不一致; 主谓不一致; 缺少动词,特别是be动词; 第三人称单数形式错用; 主动语态和被动语态错用。1） They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to my studies.（did 改为do 错误类型属于 ）2） As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories. (visiting 改为 visited错误类型属于) 3） There will an important game next month.(will后加be错误类型属于) 4）One evening she told me that something happened when her parents was out.( 主谓不一致) 2. 名词的常见错误 单复数名词错用；注意区分名词是可数还是不可数；或根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。 Ill get good marks in all my subject.（subject 改为subjects） Their word were a great encouragement to me.（word 改为words） Without enough knowledges, you can never teach well.（knowledges改为knowledge） 3. 连词错误 连词包括关系代词、副词，并列连词and/ or/but等（一般考查从句关系 who/ whom/whose/what/which/how/why/when/where/if/whether ） I have a good friend whos name is Liu Mei. (错用了who的所有格形式改为whose) I teach them, play with them, but watch them growing up.(此处应该是并列的关系而非转折，but改为 and) Clever as she is, but she works very hard. When I was a child, rain was a mystery. In one class, I learned it rained. 4. 冠词错误 误用a和an（根据单词的因素来判定）；误用a 和the（固定搭配，各自单独使用的地方） 多余的冠词或则少冠词。 We may be one family and live under a same roof. (a 改为the the same 是固定搭配) As everyone knows, its famous mountain with all kinds of pants.（mountain是可数名词需用冠词，所以加 a ） My teacher advised me to keep my dairy. I hope you have pleasant journey.5. 形容词和副词错误1) 系动词后用形容词（be/am/is/are/was/were/become/go/感官性动词 smell /feel）2) 词性的误用 形容词修饰名词 修饰 实义动词，形容词和副词，过去分词用副词 Im sure well have a wonderfully time together. （time是名词 所以要用形容词wonderful修饰） My pronunciation was terribly. 6. 代词错误 1）代词的主格和宾格（I / me; He/him; She/ her; We/ us ;They/ them ）2）反身代词（myself/yourself/himself/herself/themselves/ourselves）3）代词的单数和复数4）多余的代词和少代词 Soon I began to enjoy talking to myself on paper as I was learning to express me in simple English. (express oneself, me 改为 myself ) One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher. (加it) If any one of us had any difficulty in our life and study, the other would help him out. Whats more , you have to be friends with your pupils and take good care of him.7. 非谓语动词的常见错误1）不定式，动名词作主语，宾语。2）and 连接的不定式或动名词前后一致（尤其距离较远时），3）介词后用动名词ving形式作宾语。4）某些动词后要求接动名词或不定式。 Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was. (enjoy 后需接动名词 talk-talking) But his parents think go to college is more important than playing sports.(作主语 改为 going ) Children may not develop the habit of read and the ability to enjoy themselves. I particularly enjoyed driving through the countryside with you and saw the changing colors of the leaves on the trees.8. 介词错误1）词组中的介词误用，2）介词意思理解偏差，3）介词的多用或少用 There are too many people among my family. （among 改为in in my family 为固定搭配） I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. （去掉 at ）短文改错解题思路和检查原则1）句中各部分的结构是否完整，特别是每个句子要有动词；2）谓语动词的时态、语态；3）非谓语动词的用法；4）名词的单、复数，格的使用是否正确；5）定冠词和不定冠词是否正确；6）代词的格和性的使用是否有误；7）定语从句中关系代词、副词是否准确无误；8）并列句中的并列连词、主从复合句中的从属连词用的是否得当。短文改错解题四原则1）改动以最少为原则 2）虚词以添加或删除为原则 3）实词以改变词形为原则4）以保持句子原意为原则 短文改错解题步骤1）通读全文，掌握大意 2）整句分析，逐行推敲3）反复通读，复查验证解题注意要点和能力培养 核对错项时，若的确有一时难以改出的地方。可以参考所改动项是否基本符合“1126”等题型比例。正确1个，多一词1个，缺词2个，错词6个。 核对改正的语法项目是否有重复。因为短文改错往往覆盖面广，一般不会出现重复考查某个语法点的现象。原文中每行改动只能改一词，答案也只能是一词。 核对答题符号是否规范，位置是否准确，看看有无遗漏符号，忽略字母大写和拼写等问题 如有两行都难以找到错误时，与其乱改一行，不如都打“”以确保一行正确。 从作文入手，提高自身语言运用素质 合作学习，帮批帮改，提高识错、纠错能力 精炼短文改错，抓好写、比、改三步例题分析Tom and Dick are next door neighbor who work 1._in the same office so they walked together to and from 2._office. Some day as they were walking home together it 3._sudden started to rain. Tom quickly opened his umbrella 4._and said, My wife surely has foresight (预见) . She said 5._on this morning it would rain and told me to carry my 6._umbrella with me. Dick smiled and walked to him, said, 7._My wife has even great foresight. She told me not to 8._carry an umbrella and as she knew you would certainly 9._have with you. 10._1. 首先 通读全文，掌握大意 此文讲述的是邻居Tom 和Dick 的故事。2. 整句分析，逐行推敲 第二遍阅读后 容易改出的题有 .10 然后先看前6项 第3项 翻译整句为：有一天当他们一起走路回家时天突然开始下雨了。Some day 不能表示有一天，属于固定搭配中修饰词有误。 第5项，由于对foresight的意思和用法不清楚，不能轻易改动。暂放一边。 现在看710 项。第7项 翻译意思：Dick 笑了笑并且走向他（Tom），说到.，翻译后很容易可以看出said前有一个逗号，and 连接的动词只有smiled 和 walked。说明此处有错。 第8题，又出现了foresight。现在来比较第5项和第8项的两个句子。1）My wife surely has foresight (预见) 我的妻子肯定地作出了预见 （Toms wife）2）My wife has even great foresight。 我的妻子作出了更大的预见 (Dicks wife)比较两句后 可以判断这里的foresight不是一个动词而是一个不可数名词。可以判定great有错。并可以反推第5项应该没有错误。(Dick 的妻子说的话明显有比较的含义并且这样才能突出文章的幽默感) 第9项理清句子结构后，可以看出有一词是多余的。 总结错误考查点有1.名词单复数2.时态 3. 固定搭配 4。词性5.多余的介词和连接词 6.非谓语 7.形容词的比较级8.少了代词。题型比例 1个正确，缺词1个，多词2个，错词6个(一)Most families in China hoped their single children will 76_have a happy future, so they are very strict in their children. 77_So do teachers in schools! Many children are given so much 78_homework that they have hardly any spare time have sports. 79_The children are forbidden to do anything but to study. No 80_wonder so many children are tired of lessons. Some even 81_attack or kill his parents and teachers! I believe many people 82_already read this kind of news in newspapers or magazines. 83_Shouldnt we draw lesson from the accidents? Now our 84_government is making out a plan to solve the education problems. 85_ （二）Nowadays, almost every family has TV set, and almost 76_everyone likes watching TV. TV has become part of our lives. 77_TV has many advantages, for example, it informs us the 78_latest news which is happening in the world; it can open our 79_eyes, enlarge our knowledge and also help us to see more 80_about the world But, it also has some disadvantages. People 81_waste too much time in watching TV and his normal life 82_and work are affected To the children who they spend too 83_much time in watching TV, it can do harmful to their sight 84_and healthy. So we should control the time of watching TV. 85_ （三）A few months after returning the US from Germany, I took 76._part in a college course in French. Since I have learned 77._to say German well in Germany, I thought it might be 78._interested to begin studying another language. At the 79._first class, the teacher asked us to do a pronunciation 80._exercise in it he would say a word or two in French, and 81._each student would do their best to copy. When he got to 82._me, he kept having me to say more words, and I 83._finally asked him why. I find it great fun, she explained 84._it. In 25 years of teaching at school, its the first time 85._Ive heard an American speak French with a German accent. （四） The Huaihe River has been serious polluted. Day and night 76._millions of tons of waste water is being poured down to it from 77._ hundreds of factories. The waste water is harmful. At present 78._ there is no fish in it. The river water cannot be drunk. People in 79._ either bank have to dig wells to take drinking water. The Huaihe 80._ River is such dirty and poisonous that people dont dare swim 81._in it. Something must be done to stopping the pollution. The 82._ government and the people near the river must try to clear water 83._as soon as possible. Now special attention has paid to the