语法专题——名词冠词.doc

2010届高考二轮复习-名词冠词专题第一部分：语法知识提要第一章、名词复习I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词The United StatesThe United NationsBoy; girl; student; desk; Family; people; class; government; enemythought; banner; Water; cotton; wood; II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sgulf-gulfs, roof-roofs, serf-serfs, chief-chiefs, belief-beliefs, proof-proofs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches9名词做定语名词做定语用单数A trouser shop; a shoe shop; 固定单词（goods; sports; sales）A sports suit; a goods train; a sales girl将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系(possession)的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed4. 双重所有格：名词s所有格和OF 所有两种结构结合在一起表示所有关系时叫做双重所有格。它有以下几个特征：. 双重所有格有两种形式：Of+名词所有格； 名词+of+物主代词 双重所有格所修饰的名词即of之前的名词，通常表示若干中之一的意思。 When I was walkingin the streetI met an old friend of mine. (我在街上走的时候，遇到一位老朋友) Is Mary a daughter of yours? (马丽是你的一个女儿吗？). of+名词所有格中的名词一般表示人，不能表示事物，如可以说a sister of my fathers（我父亲的一个姐姐），而不是说a corner of the rooms。 此外，OF 之后的名词必须是特指的，而不能是泛指的，不能与不定冠词连用。例如可以说a photo of my brothers(我哥哥的一张照片),而不可以说成a student of professors. 双重所有格所修饰的名词即of前的名词，可以和不定冠词a 及any, some, no, few, several等表示数量的词连用，但不可以和定冠词THE连用 Have you read any novels of Dickens? (你读过狄更斯的什么小说吗？). 由上冲所有格修饰的名词和指示代词THIS， THAT ， THESE及THOSE连用时，往往表示爱憎、褒贬等感情色彩，这时并不表示部分的意思。 That little daughter of yours can speak English very fluently (你的那个小女儿会讲很流利的英语)第二章冠词复习冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.第二部分 近年高考题荟萃2009年高考题1. (09安徽31) China has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.A. reputation B. influence C. impression D. knowledge2. (09福建29) The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 2009.A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration3. (09湖北25) Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for _ building.A. respect B. friendship C. reputation D. character4. (09湖北26) In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a _ for everyone to stand up.A. signal B. chance C. mark D. measure5. (09江西23) The _ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _ carA. girls; Toms B. girls; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms 6. (09海南32) Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard.A. draw B. strike C. rush D. push7. (09山东29)He says that my new car is a _ of money.Dont you think those words are just sour grapes?A. lack B. load C. question D. waste8. (09陕西20)Form their _ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city.A. stage B. position C. condition D. situation9. (09天津1) Im trying to break the _ of getting up too late .A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. leisure10(09浙江6) The system has been designed to give students quick and easy _ to the digital resources of the library.11. (09安徽21) We can never expect bluer sky unless we create less polluted world. A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the 12. (09北京33) The biggest whale is _ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters longthe height of _ 9-story building. A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; a 13. (09江西25) Some people fear that _ air pollution may bring about changes in _ weather around the world. A. /; the B. the; / C. an; the D. the; a 14. (09海南22) Lets go to cinema-thatll take your mind off the problem for whileA. the; the B. the; a C. a; the D. a ; a15. (09陕西6) What pity that you couldnt be there to receive prize!A. a; a B. the; a C. a; the D. the; the16. (09四川14) In order to find _ better job, he decided to study _ second foreign language. A. the; a B. a; a C. the; the D. a; the 17(09浙江2) I dont understand what the engineer means, but Ive got _ rough idea of _ project plan.A. the; a B. 不填; theC. the; 不填D. a; the18. (09重庆26) Washing machines made by China have won worldwide attention and Haier has become popular name.A. a; the B. /; a C. /; the D. the; a 19. (09全国14) What I need is book that contains ABC of oil painting. A. a; 不填 B. the; 不填 C. the; an D. a; the 2008年高考题1.(08全国8)Its not good idea to drive for four hours without break.A. a; a B. the; aC. the; theD. a; the2.(08天津11)Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _ _ like coal， gas and oil. A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products3.(08安徽24)To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten，the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our ”.A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices4.(08江西27)Shall we go out for a walk?Sorry. This is not the right to invite me. I am too tired to walk.A. moment B. situationC. place D. chance5.(08江西30)I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting.It is not your fault. With rush-hour traffic and heavy rain， it is no wonder you were late.A. a; a B. the; the C./; / D./; a6.(08湖北21)The young man made a _ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. A. predictionB. promiseC. planD. contribution7.(08湖北22)The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly . A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon8.(08湖南22)Have you heard news? The price of petrol is going up again!A. the; theB./;theC. the;/D./;/9.(08陕西10) I ate sandwich while I was waiting for 20:08 train. A. the; a B. the; the C. a; the D. a; a10.(08四川8) In the United States，there is always flow of people to areas of country where more jobs can be found.A. a; theB. the; aC. the; theD. a; a11.(08重庆27) In many places in China， bicycle is still popular means of transportation.A. a; theB./;aC. the; aD. the; the12.(08浙江2) _ apple fell from the tree and hit him on _ head.A. An; the B. The; the C. An;/ D. The; /13.(08浙江15) Dogs have a very good _ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake.A. sense B. view C. means D. idea14.(08福建32)Whats the of having a public open space where you cant eat，drink or even simply hang out for a while?A. senseB. matterC. caseD. opinion15.(08辽宁24)My neighbor asked me to go for _ walk， but I dont think Ive got _ energy.A. a;/B. the; theC. /;theD. a; the16.(08山东21)We went right round to the west coast by sea instead of driving across continent.A. the; theB./;theC. the; /D./;/17.(08江苏21)Students should be encouraged to use Internet as resource.A./aB./;theC. the; theD. the; a18.(08山东34)I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real .A. exchangeB. bargainC. tradeD. business2004-07年高考题A组1.(07天津12)One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living . A. billsB. expensesC. pricesD. charges2.(07上海43) My morning includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast. A. drillB. actionC. regulationD. routine3.(07安徽32) The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common in many parts of the city. A. lookB. signC. sightD. appearance4.(07湖北23) Despite such a big difference in towards what one eats，there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special.A. pointB. ideaC. attitudeD. sight5.(07陕西12) He and his wife are of the same ;they both want their son to go to college.A. soulB. spiritC. heartD. mind6.(07浙江12) Of the seven days in a week，Saturday is said to be the most popular for a wedding in some countries.A. wayB. situationC. eventD. choice7.(07福建31) You are always full of .Can you tell me the secret?Taking plenty of exercise every day.A. powerB. strengthC. forceD. energy8.(07辽宁25) Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a of exercise. A. limitB. lackC. needD. demand9.(06全国11) It is no arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind.A. useB. helpC. timeD. why10.(06天津15) Finding information in todays world is easy. The is how you can tell whether the information you get is useful or not. A. abilityB. competitionC. challengeD. knowledge11.(06浙江17)If you like I can do some shopping for you.Thats a very kind .A. offerB. serviceC. pointD. suggestion12.(06福建35) Always read the on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. A. explanationsB. instructions C. descriptionsD. introductions13.(06湖北21) To make members of a team perform better，the trainer first of all has to know their and weaknesses. A. strengthB. benefitsC. techniquesD. values14.(06江西28) It is said that dogs will keep you for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely. A. safetyB. companyC. houseD. friend15.(05辽宁27) The head office of the bank is in Beijing，but it has all over the country. A. companiesB. branchesC. organizationsD. businesses16.(05安徽28) My of this weekends activity is going out with some good friends.A. idea B. opinionC. mindD. thought17.(05上海43) He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his was seen as its best when he worked with others.A. temperB. appearanceC. talentD. character18.(05天津10) Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his . A. abilityB. forceC. strengthD. mind19.(04全国28) The face of four famous American presidents on Mount Rushmore can be seen from a of 60 milesA. lengthB. distanceC. wayD. space20.(04湖北21) Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within of little children.A. handB. reachC. spaceD. distanceB组1.(07全国19)Could you tell me the way to Johnsons，please?Sorry，we dont have Johnson here in the village.A. the；theB. the; aC./；theD. the；/2.(07北京22) I looked under bed and found book I lost last week.A. the; aB. the; theC./;theD. the; /3.(07天津3) I wanted to catch early train，but couldnt get ride to the station.A. an；theB./;theC. an; /D. the; a4.(07江西26) Many people have come to realize that they should go on balanced diet and make room in their day for exercise.A. a; /B. the; aC. the; theD./;a5.(07湖南23) Polar bears live mostly on sea ice，which they use as platform for hunting seals.A. a; aB. a; theC./; aD. the; /6.(07四川22) How about taking short break? I want to make call. A. the; aB. a; theC. the; theD. a; a7.(07重庆24) George couldnt remember when he first met Mr. Anderson，but he was sure it was Sunday because everybody was at church. A./;theB. the;/C. a;/D./;a8.(07浙江4) I like color of your skirt. It is good match for your blouse. A. a; theB. a; aC. the; aD. the; the9.(07福建22) How about Christmas evening party?I should say it was success.A. a; aB. the; aC. a; /D. the; /10.(07辽宁21) Christmas is special holiday when whole family are supposed to get together. A. the; theB. a; aC. the; aD. a; the11.(07江西26) Many people have come to realize that they should go on balanced diet and make room in their day for exercise.A. a; /B. the; a C. the; theD./; a12.(07山东21) walk is expected to last all day，so bring packed lunch. A. A; aB. The; /C. The; aD.A;/13.(06全国30) Hello，could I speak to Mr. Smith?Sorry，wrong number. There isnt Mr. Smith here.A./B. aC. theD. one14.(06全国19) I know you dont like music very much. But what do you think of music in the film we saw yesterday?A./;/B. the; theC. the;/D./;the15.(06辽宁21) Of all reasons for my decision to become a university professor，my fathers advice was most important one.A. the; aB./;aC./;theD.