四六级写作注意事项.doc

写作注意事项英语四级考试作文的评分依据是：文章切题，条理清楚语言准确和字数符合要求，所谓切题就是要求考生紧扣文章大纲；条理则要求考生词汇、语法运用不出错误；四级作文的字数要求一般是不少于100字。要在30分钟的时间内，达到这些要求，没有一套行之有效的方法显然是不行的。在这里，我们为大家提供四级写作的一般技巧。一、审题1.审体裁（议论文，说明文，描述文）审题就是要审作文的题材和体裁。因为什么样的体裁就会用什么样的题材去写。那么体裁包括那些呢？它包括议论文，说明文和描述文。从近些年看，四级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的糅合体。例如：Directions:For this part,your are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicTrying to Be A Good University Student.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:做合格大学生的必要性做合格大学生的必备条件（可以从德智体方面谈）我计划怎样做很多人说这种类型的作文是议论文。这是片面的，因为，第一段要求写“必要性”，则是议论文；第二段要求写“必备条件”，则要求写说明文；第三段要求写“这样做”，则要求写描述文。所以在大多数情形下，四级作文是三种体裁的糅合体。2.确定相应的写作方法我们审题的目的就是根据不同体裁确定不同的写作方法。通过审题，我们可以看出四级作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段为议论体，第二段为说明体，第三段为描述体。而各种文体又有不同的写作方式：议论文：要有论点和论据，而且往往从正反两方面来论述。例如上面第一段的思路是：做合格大学生，会怎么样（这是从正面论述）；不能做合格的大学生，又会怎么样（从反面论述）；所以我们要做合格的大学生（结论）。说明文：可以从几方面来说明一个问题，可以从德智体三方面来说明合格大学生的必要性。描述文：以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。与上两段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词，他要与第二段相呼应进行描述。二、确定主题句审完题后，接下来就是如何写的问题。第一步就是确定主题句，主题句既能保证你不跑题，又能帮助你制定写作思路。而写主题句最保险的方法就是直接翻译中文提纲，如上述之段主题句为：It is very necessary to be a good university student.(议论体的主题句)There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student.(说明体的主题句)What I will do in the future is the following.(描述体的主题句)三、组织段落确定主题句后，接下来的工作就是展开论述。许多考生真正犯难的也是这一步。最基本的解决办法是扩大词汇量，丰富自己的语法存储。在写作时，语法和词汇都是最基本的。然而，组织段落的能力也是尤为重要的（接下来的连贯与衔接部分，我们更为详细的为大家讲解）。行文时，不只是提供一些information,还要学会运用一些examples,personal experiences,comparisions,descriptions等等，只有这样，才不会觉得无话可“写”。四、连贯与衔接1.列举法列举的模式通常是主题句-example 1-example 2-example 3列举时常用for example, for instance, such as, like,thus, takeas an example, to illustrate 等词语.Nonverbal communication, or body language， is communication by facial expressions, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures. It can be just as important to understanding as words are. Misunderstandings are often amusing but sometimes serious ones can arise between people from different culture if they misinterpret nonverbal signals. Take for example, the differences in meaning of gesture are very common in the United States: a circle made with the thumb and index finger. To an American, it means that everything is Ok. To a Japanese, it means that you are talking about money. In France, it means that something is worthless, and in Greece, it is an obscene gesture. Therefore, an American could unknowingly offend a Greek by using that particular hand signal.2.分类法一般是在主题句之后，依次罗列段落指示词所表达的几个部分或几个方面。然后，选用丰富的事例对所罗列的各个部分或各个方面进行具体地说明或解释。There are three basic kinds of materials that can be found in any good library. First, there are books on all subjects, both in English and in many other languages. These books are organized according to subject, title, and author in a central file canned the card catalog. Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks. Second, there are reference works,which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliography, atlases, etc., and which generally must be used in the library itself. Third, there are periodicals- magazines, newspapers, pamphlets-which are filed alphabetically in racks, or which have been filmed to conserve space. Like reference works, periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library.分类时常用：most of all， next，moreover， in addition，besides，furthermore，to begin with，to start with，first of all，first，second，third3. 因果关系在段落一开头，就用主题句点明其因果关系，然后选用有关材料，客观的罗列某些原因或结果，以阐述中心思想。Growing numbers of well-to-do Americans are making the decision to move abroad. They find it impossible in America to walk the streets at night without fear of being raped, mugged, or murdered, nor do they see a way to escape the poisonous air of the cities. They maintain that even American food has become increasingly dangerous to eat. Last but not least, they insist that they are sick of the pace of American life, a pace that leaves no time for relaxation or pleasure.因果关系常用语汇: because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in4比较法主题句必须明确表明所要比较的对象和所要比较的范围，实际上就是罗列两个或两个以上比较对象的相同点。Learning English is like building a house. Laying a solid foundation is the first and most important step. In other words, you should read and speak English every day. Memorizing new words and phrases is also helpful. Like building a house, learning English takes some time. So dont be impatient. Remember, Rome wasnt built in a day.常用语汇：at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, show a degree of similarity, similarly, the same as, and too, in the same way, in a like manner5举例法列举事实或举出实例来说明中心思想, 是简单易行、具有说服力的写作方法。Communicating with other people by telephone is very convenient, especially when you have something urgent. For example, if one of your family members is seriously ill at night, and you dont know how to deal with it and where to find a doctor, what can you do? A telephone is the answer. Dial 120 and you will get services from the hospital very soon.书信写作注意事项书信是重要的交际工具。英文书信分为两大类：公务信件和私人信件。公务信件是单位与单位或单位与个人之间来往的书信，可能是推荐信、求职信、入学申请书、邀请信，或询问、答复、反映意见（如投诉信）等的信件。私人信件是指亲戚朋友之间的通信。这两类书信各有自己的格式。一般说来，私人信件不拘形式，信文多用手写，也可打印；公务信件要求比较严格，必须遵循一定的格式，信文一定要打印。第一节 英文书信的结构英文书信一般由以下六部分组成：信头、信内地址、称呼、正文、结尾、签名。信头（Heading）信头是指发信人的地址和日期，通常写在第一页的右上角。行首可以齐头写，也可以逐行缩进写。地址的书写顺序由小到大：门牌号、街道、城市、省（州）、邮编、国名，最后写发信日期。私人信件一般只写寄信日期即可。例如：123 Tianhe RoadTianhe DistrictGuangzhou 510620Guangdong ProvinceP. R. C.March 15, 2002信内地址（Inside Address）信内地址要写收信人的姓名和地址。在公务信件中要写明这一项，在私人信件中，这一项常常省略。该项写在写信日期下一行的左上角，格式与寄信人地址一样。称呼（Salutation）称呼是对收信人的称谓，应与左边线对齐，写在收信人姓名、地址下面1-2行处。在称呼后，英国人常用逗号，美国人则常用冒号。在私人信件中可直呼收信人的名字，但公务信件中一定要写收信人的姓。大部分信件在称呼前加“Dear”。如：Dear Professor/Prof. Bergen:Dear Dr. Johnson,对不相识的人可按性别称呼：Dear Sir: 或Dear Madam: Dear Ladies。如果不知收信人的性别则可用Dear Sir or Madam:正文（Body of Letter）正文是书信的主体。与中文信件不同的是，英文书信的正文的开头不是先写一些问候语，再阐明写信的目的，而是直接说明写信人的身份及写信的目的，然后提出写信人的情况、想法或要求，并加以必要的解释或说明。英文书信陈述目的时，应该直截了当，意思明确，层次清楚，言简意赅。书信正文的第一句话或第一段，通常被称为起首语。一般说来，人们习惯用一些客套的写法作为书信正文的起始，即先将对方来信的日期、主题加以简单描述，以便使对方一看便知该信是回答哪一封信的。如果是第一次给别人写信，也可用开头语作必要的自我介绍，并表明自己写信的主要目的。结尾礼词（Complimentary Close）公务信件的结尾礼词包含两部分：发信人的结尾套语与署名。结尾套语写在签名上面一行，第一个字母要大写，套语结尾后面要加逗号。在公务信件中，发信人常用的结尾套语有：Yours truly, Yours sincerely, Respectfully yours, Cordially yours, Yours cordially等。私人信件中，发信人常用的结尾套语有：Sincerely yours, Lovely yours, Your lovely, Your loving son/daughter等。签名（Signature）写信人的签名常位于结尾礼词正下方一二行。除非是给很熟悉的人写信，签名一般须写出全名。签名常常较潦草，不易辨认，因此在签名的正下方须打印出全名。1990年到2002年1月之间的四级考试作文题中，书信作文共出现两次（2001年6月和2002年1月）。下面，我们先来看看2001年6月四级考试的作文题：Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday. You should write at least 120 words according to the suggestion g