汉英翻译常见错误分析.doc

汉英翻译常见错误分析一、汉英翻译错误分析大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等。所以人们对于大自然,全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间, 上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄, 酿酒和饮酒, 喂牛和挤奶, 锄草和栽花; 在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜, 在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样, 每个地方都有自己的传说, 风俗也就衍传了下来。常见错误一：词汇错误1.词的理解偏差2.词的上下搭配词汇错误1 ：词义理解偏差(大自然的)恩赐: presents人，人们: human beings，men种植(庄稼和葡萄):plant crops and grapes栽(花): plant flowers锄草:get rid of grass温馨家园: warm houses， warm residences，warm family词汇错误2：词的上下搭配错误喂牛和挤奶：牛：cattle（牛，总称）；bull（公牛）；cow（母牛）；calf（牛犊）；ox（牛，统称；或公牛）；bullock（阉牛）；buffalo（水牛）错译：feed bulls and milk cow（喂公牛和挤母牛的奶）；feed oxen and milk them；feed bulls for milk 词汇错误2：词的上下搭配错误喂牛和挤奶：改译：使用及物动词，feed cattle and milk cows, feed cows and milk them, feed and milk cows, feed cows for milk；使用不及物动词，feed cattle and milk, feed cows and milk词汇错误2：词的上下搭配错误酿酒和饮酒：酒：alcohol, wine, liquor, spirits, beer, whisky错译：brew wine and drink alcohol, brew spirits and drink wine, brew wine and drink beer词汇错误2：词的上下搭配错误酿酒和饮酒：改译：使用使用及物动词，brew and drink wine；使用不及物动词，brew and drink词汇错误2：词的上下搭配错误一致并深深地依赖: depend deeply and unanimously，depend deeply and identically种植(庄稼和葡萄): raise crops and grapes栽(花): raise flowers锄草: get rid of grass温馨家园: warm family常见错误二：词语顺序无论贫富: poor and rich，whether we are poor or not跳舞和唱歌:dance and sing常见错误三：语篇错误1.逐字翻译，画蛇添足2.重复不当，不合习惯3.断句不当，割裂语篇语篇错误1：逐字翻译，画蛇添足例 1、 在 周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。原译 :On weekends they go to church to pray and do religious services; in holiday they go to the square to play musical instruments, dance and sing.语篇错误1：逐字翻译，画蛇添足例 1、 在 周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌。改 译:On weekends they go to church，and on holidays they enjoy playing music while singing and dancing in open squares语篇错误1：逐字翻译，画蛇添足例 2、 往 日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。原 译 : Those fields in the past/ of yesterday are still cozy homelands at present/ nowadays/ of today.改 译 :Thus their olden homelands remain as sweet as ever语篇错误2：重复不当，不合习惯例 3、所以人们对于大自然,全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间, 上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。原 译 :S o people all deeply depend on nature. Especially in the countryside, people keep the unchangeable way of lives for thousands of years.语篇错误2：重复不当，不合习惯例 3、所以人们对于大自然,全部一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间, 上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。改译 :That accounts for their deep-rooted attachment to her, especially in the country where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years.语篇错误3：断句不当，割裂语篇例 3、大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等。 原译一 :Nature always distributes its resources to human beings. And every man gets equally from it.原译二 : The gifts bestowed by nature are equally distributed among mankind. No matter one is rich or poor, he receives the same from nature. 语篇错误3：断句不当，割裂语篇例 3、大自然对人的恩赐, 无论贫富, 一律平等。 改译 : All people are blessed by nature,rich and poor alike. 语篇错误3：断句不当，割裂语篇例 9、 尤 其是在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。原 译 一 :Especially in the countryside, peoples living patterns havent changed for a thousand years, and people there still live in the same life style.原 译 二 :This was especially true in the country. There people have been living in an unchanged way for a thousand years 语篇错误3：断句不当，割裂语篇例 9、 尤 其是在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。改 译 :That accounts for their deep-rooted attachment to her, especially in the country where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years.精彩译文All people are blessed by nature, rich and poor alike. That accounts for their deep rooted attachment to her, especially in the country where their ways of life have been kept intact for thousands of years. They grow crops and grapes, brew the wine that they drink, raise cows for milk，and weed their gardens for the cultivation of flowers. On weekends they go to church，and on holidays they enjoy playing music while singing and dancing in open squares. Thus their olden homelands remain as sweet as ever, each with a unique folklore from which its customs have derived.二、汉英翻译三步策略 什么是句子？A sentence is a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb. 一个句子就是一组词，在书面语中，每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写，句末用句号、问号或者感叹号；大多数句子有主语和谓语。结论1英语的句子中，大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译，只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语，就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。除了主语和谓语之外，当然还有修饰语。所以，定主语、找谓语、加修饰就成了汉英翻译的最简单，最有效，最不容易犯错误的方法。汉英翻译三步策略定主语找谓语加修饰 你知道我们图书馆所订购书籍的数量吗？定主语：你 you找谓语：知道数量吗？know the number?加修饰：知道书籍的数量，知道图书馆所订购书籍的数量 Do you know the number of the books ordered by our library?英语本身语法非常严谨，逻辑非常严密的特点，所以，在汉英翻译中，主语的确定就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键，也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。 1.定主语：1. 1.确定原文的主语为译文主语 当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。 At present, the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War. 和平与发展仍然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。 Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world. 我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过度消费，比如使用过多的空调、私人汽车、以及随意处理的产品。 We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and disposable products at will. 如今我们有许多不同的选择：除传统的家常菜以外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。 Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditional homemade meal.若原文主语为动词，需要变为动名词或者不定式 帮助真正的穷人，要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来，符合所有人的利益。 Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities. And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all. 推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.1.2.重新确定主语 A.确定原文的宾语为译文的主语 伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧。 Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts. 为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展，我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。 The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated (stepped up) to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy. 目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。（同上） At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.并非全部都要用被动态，要根据英语习惯来决定。 中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。 Many changes are taking place in Chinas diet style.B.增加主语增加泛指的主语：we, one, you 然而，要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何，考试是考不出名堂来的。 But they are of vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person. 凡事应该适度，适度是最安全的。 One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.C.增加主语增加it：在英语中，代词it作主语的情况非常多。因为这个代词表示的意义非常丰富，它可以表示汉语中的气候、天气、时间等无主句，如“下雨了（It is raining），三点了（Its 3 oclock now）等，当然，它还可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语。 自从理查德尼克松（Richard Nixon）同癌症宣战以来已经有30年了。 It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer. 大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在。 It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research work at a basic level. 知道这个答案是有用的如果你想到英语国家去念大学，或者你想找一份需要英语技能的工作的话，通过语言考试那就至关重要了。 Its useful to know the answer it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college or university in an English-speaking country, or if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.D.增加主语增加there be 还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府的资助。 There will still be some people living in extreme poverty, who are still in need of the governments financial support.结论2总而言之，要做好汉英翻译，第一步，也是最重要的一步，是要确定汉语原文中用哪一个词来做主语，进而就可以顺利确定英语的句型结构。当然，随着主语的确定，我们的汉语句子分析能力，肯定能够让我们顺利地找到一个相匹配的谓语。2.找谓语一般来说，在汉英翻译的过程中，随着主语的确定，凭我们作为汉语母语的使用者，几乎总能在汉语原文中，找出一个对应的谓语来。但是，和汉语原文主语对应的谓语，不一定能充当英语译文的谓语。在弄明白怎么选择汉语原文中的一个合适的谓语去充当译文的谓语之前，我们有必要对汉语的谓语和英语的谓语做一个简单的对比。 找谓语方法汉英语法分析法汉语1.汉语的动词没有人称、数、时态和语态 2.汉语是明显的“动作性语言”，多数句子都有明显的谓语动词 3.汉语中名词、形容词、数词、主谓短语和介词短语可以充当谓语，有“是字句” 4.汉语中有连动式 5.汉语有兼语式 6.汉语少用“被字句”，常有“把、受、让、给、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、为所、由来、是的”等句式 7.汉语有存现句 英语1.英语有人称、数、时态和语态，所以汉英翻译时，一定要关注主谓一致原则，多注意英语句子的语法结构 2.英语中只有动词才能做谓语 3.英语有系表结构4.英语中一个句子只有一个主要动词，其他动词可以用and并列，或者用“非谓语动词”连接，或者用介词短语代替动作 5.英语中有谓语+宾语+补足语 6.英语多用被动态 7.英语有there be句型 2.1要注意时态、人称和数的变化 过去的五十年并不是发明创新的黄金时期。 The past fifty years was not really a golden age for inventions and creations. 实行改革开放以来，改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了我国经济水平。 Since China started to implement the policy of reform and opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy and technology has been raised. 2.2.直接找动词汉语多数句子都有动词，而动词谓语是句子的核心。谓语动词的“前”有句子的主语，“后”则可能有宾语，所以选择谓语的原则是“瞻前顾后” 迄今为止，教育工作还没有找到比考试更有效、更可靠的方法。 So far, there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education. 中国加入世贸组织以后，外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空 间也越来越大。 After Chinas entry into WTO, more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in China and larger space for their own development.3.用系表结构对汉语中名词、数量词、形容词等可以作谓语的情况，一般可以用英语的“系表结构”来翻译。 投资规模偏大。 The investment scale is too large. 很多道路太窄。 Many of the roads are too narrow.4.多用被动态 此外，对于那些刚刚脱贫的人们，他们目前的生活状况必须改善。 Furthermore, the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty. “学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列 。 Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order. 美国的经济体制主要是围绕着私人企业和以市场为导向而建立起来的 。 The economic system of U.S.A. is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation. 他们的生产和生活