2019高考英语复习第一板块阅读理解之题型篇专题一第一讲细节理解题—定位信息巧比对讲义.docx

专题一阅读理解全国卷3年考情分析 题型与题量卷别细节理解题推理判断题主旨大意题词义猜测题考情分析从统计表可以看出，高考英语阅读理解的题型设置以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾主旨大意题和词义猜测题。细节理解题相对简单，而其他三种题型相对较难。在近两年的考查趋向上，细节理解题的答案更加隐蔽，叙述含蓄，直接信息题会越来越少，取而代之的将是事实细节题加入许多推理、判断、归纳等元素；推理判断题的难度会适当加大。本专题将对这四种题型进行递进式的指导。2018卷7521卷9321卷93212017卷7611卷5622卷66212016卷10311卷7512卷8412第一讲细节理解题定位信息巧比对细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，而且此类题型相对比较简单，只需要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文定位信息区间，稍加比对，就能得出正确答案。因此，对于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。但有些细节理解题由于命题人故意设置障碍，把有用信息分散在文章不同位置，有时又有转折、否定等，因此有些题目需要仔细地思考、对比、计算、对上下文关键信息把握和分析。尽管细节理解题相对简单，但不可掉以轻心。细节理解题常见的考查题型有：直接信息题、间接信息题、概括细节理解题和正误判断题。一、题型特点要知晓(一)细节理解题常见设问方式1特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词引出的问题。2判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE, NOT true或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not, never等。3以“According to .”开头的提问形式。4填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from _.(二)细节理解题正确选项特征同义替换指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把lose ones job换成了be out of work。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成of importance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。信息归纳用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。正话反说把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。原文原词利用原文原词作为正确选项。(三)细节理解题干扰选项特征张冠李戴是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。无中生有符合常识，但不是文章的内容。曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。颠倒是非在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。正误参半部分正确，部分错误。二、方法技巧要用好直接信息题在解答直接信息题时，考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。解题流程图如下：例(2018全国卷阅读D节选)I found the preholidays a good time to encourage young children to donate lessused things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor)33What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?ASaving up for her holiday.BRaising money for a poor girl.CAdding the money to her fund.DGiving the money to a sick mother.解题示范第一步：定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：Georgia, sell, objects锁信息定位：用Georgia，sell，objects寻读，在文中找到信息源She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).第二步：比对定答案选项选项意思定位A为她的假期储蓄。曲解文意B为一个贫困女孩募捐。曲解文意C把钱放入她的基金。同义替换D把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。无中生有分析选C比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现fund一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选C。间接信息题间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。例(2018全国卷阅读B节选)Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.24What does the author seem to like about cherries?AThey contain protein.BThey are high in vitamin A.CThey have a pleasant taste.DThey are rich in antioxidants.解题示范第一步：定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：cherries锁信息定位：用cherries寻读，在文中找到信息源As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.第二步：比对定答案选项选项意思定位A它们含有蛋白质。张冠李戴B它们富含维生素A。张冠李戴C它们口感好。同义替换D它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。张冠李戴分析选C根据该段最后一句“As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C”可知，原文中的they are so delicious被替换成选项中的They have a pleasant taste，为间接细节理解题。故选C。概括细节理解题概括、归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。例(2018全国卷阅读C节选)At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.30How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?AAbout 6,800.BAbout 3,400.CAbout 2,400. DAbout 1,200.解题示范第一步：定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：6,000锁信息定位：用6,000寻读，在文中找到信息源The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.第二步：比对定答案选项选项意思原文意思定位A大约6 800种。6 800为现在世界现存语言数量。张冠李戴B大约3 400种。世界语言总量的一半即为3 400。信息归纳C大约2 400种。2 400为非洲语言数量。张冠李戴D大约1 200种。数字1 200在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。无中生有分析选B根据本段第一句“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6 800种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于6 000，也就是说有大约3 400种语言的使用人数少于6 000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知B项为正确选项。正误判断题正误判断题是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目，考生要静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。例(2015福建高考阅读A节选)Food festivals around the worldStilton Cheese RollingMay Day is a traditional day for celebrations, but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four, dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes, roll a complete cheese along a 50metre course. On the way, they must not kick or throw their cheese, or go into their competitors lane (赛道)Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly, but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones). All the competitors are served with beer or port wine, the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.Fiery Foods Festival The Hottest Festival on EarthEvery year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque, New Mexico. They come from as far away as Australia, the Caribbean and China, but they all share a common addiction food that is not just spicy (辛辣), but hot enough to make your mouth burn, your head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March. You might like to try a chocolatecovered habanero pepper officially the hottest pepper in the world or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one things for sure if you dont like the feeling of a burning tongue, this festival isnt for you!La Tomatina The Worlds Biggest Food FightOn the last Wednesday of every August, the Spanish town of Buol hosts La Tomatina the worlds largest food fight. A weeklong celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the weeks events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes official fightstarters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.59Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?AThe chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.BMore than 10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.CThousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.DAn exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.解题示范第一步：定信息区间选项选项关键词信息区间AThe chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition第一段第四句BMore than 10,000 Chinese第二段第一、二句CThousands of spicy foods are on show第二段倒数第二句DAn exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning第三段第二句第二步：逐一比对定答案选项选项意思原文意思定位AStilton滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。奖品是a complete Stilton cheese。张冠李戴B一万多名中国人参加Fiery Food and BBQ Festival。参加者来自世界各地。曲解文意C在Fiery Food and BBQ Festival上，成千上万种辛辣食物被展出。展出了成千上万种食物。同义替换D在La Tomatina节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。“西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始。曲解文意答案C课堂应用体验 .命题方式练请选择以下设误方式(张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非、正误参半)或正确选项特征(原文原词、同义替换、信息归纳、正话反说)填入下表的“诊断”一栏中。1(原文节选)Shortly after the war, my brother and I were invited to spend a few days with an uncle who had just returned from abroad.He had rented a cottage in the country, although he rarely spent much time there.We understood the reason for this after our arrival: the cottage had no comfortable furniture in it, many of the windows were broken and the roof leaked, making the whole house damp.Why did the uncle seldom spend much time in the country cottage?选项诊断ABecause the roof of the cottage was falling.曲解文意BBecause the cottage was in bad condition.信息归纳CBecause he was used to living abroad.曲解文意DBecause there was no furniture in it.颠倒是非2(原文节选)In between running one of the worlds largest charitable agencies and acting as Microsofts technology advisor, Bill Gates manages to find time to read books, both long and short.Now Gates who has been labeled a “greedy” reader has released a list of his favorite books.All of the books are standout reads, according to the billionaire, most of which are focused on business and economy.The books mentioned in the text are all about _.选项诊断Acharity in the world张冠李戴Bbusiness and economy原文原词Cpoverty in the world无中生有DBill Gates life experiences 无中生有3(原文节选)The hut was warm and quite comfortable inside.There was a stove, and some bread and beer on a shelf.On each side of the hut was a round hole like a window, which could be closed with a piece of wood.These air holes were usually kept open when the stove was burning, because too much smoke in a small, airless hut could kill the shepherd.The function of the round holes was _.选项诊断Ato let the sunshine in 无中生有_Bto warm the hut曲解文意Cto keep the smoke out曲解文意_Dto air the hut信息归纳.语篇综合练AParkway Central Library EventsSummer Thyme Cooks Now through Wednesday, May 10Summer Thyme Cooks is a FREE cooking program for teens entering grades 712.In four weekly handson classes, students will learn the fundamentals of cooking.Food is meant to be shared, so every class ends with a familystyle meal.Students go home each week with a new recipe and a grocery bag filled with healthy, fresh ingredients (原料) so they can cook with their families!Questions？Call Jamie at 2156865323.We the Detectives Family FunMonday, May 15The best way for youth and families to spot whats inside our doors is to attend our Family Event, taking place on May 15 from 10：30 am.to 12：30 pm.This annual tradition is a muchbeloved opportunity for families to explore the building.This years Family Event will feature (以为特色) unique and interesting brunch foods, and a detective storytime with our librarians.Cost: $50 Adult；$25 Child (ages 316); Free for children under 3For more information, please call 2155677710.The Art of ComicsNow through Saturday, May 202156865403An exhibition of books shows the history of pictorial storytelling.The art of several pioneers in the medium is on display, including works by Hokusai, Rodolphe Tpffer, and Wilhelm Busch.Sunday Literacy ProgramSunday, May 212156865369This program offers dropin assistance to students struggling to read in the 1st through 3rd grades.Both of the two sessions will include the following parts: Read Aloud, Independent Reading, Literacy Games and Writing.Participants need to register on their first visit.语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章是对美国一家图书馆的活动介绍。1What are participants required to do at the cooking program?AShare food.BBring recipes.CCook with their families.DLearn basic cooking skills.解析：选D细节理解题。题干的关键信息为cooking program，对应第一项活动Summer Thyme Cooks。由该活动介绍中的“In four weekly handson classes, students will learn the fundamentals of cooking.”可知，参与该活动的人将会学习基本的烹饪技巧。2When can you look around the library?AOn May 10.BOn May 15.COn May 20. DOn May 21.解析：选B细节理解题。通览四项活动可知，只有第二项活动中提到“This annual tradition is a muchbeloved opportunity for families to explore the building.”，由此活动的时间Monday, May 15可知答案。3How does the Sunday Literacy Program differ from the others?AIts free of charge.BIts familyfriendly.CIt requires registration.DIt is intended for adults.解析：选C推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知，第一次参加Sunday Literacy Program需要注册，而其他三项活动并未提及此点，故选C项。BChinese movie theaters are never running short of youth films. Youth(芳华), directed by Feng Xiaogang, was released in December, 2017 and hit the screen. But this one is different: It is dedicated to the youth of our parents generation.Set in the 1970s, the story begins in a military art troupe (演出团), in which the soldiers duties are to sing, dance and promote culture. He Xiaoping, a newcomer, is a talented dancer. With a painful childhood, she wants to make a fresh start in the troupe, yet her family background makes her the laughing stock (笑柄) among the girls. The only person who is nice to her is Liu Feng, a kind and unselfish man.In most youth films, the characters life paths are only influenced by their own choices. However, the young people in Youth are also a part of “the whirlwind (旋风) of historical changes”， as film critic Justin Chang wrote in the Los Angeles Times. In a period of more than 30 years, they have to experience the “cultural revolution” (19661976) and the SinoVietnamese War, during which Liu Feng loses one arm and He Xiaoping suffers from a mental illness. The disbandment (解散) of the troupe also tears them away from the life and people they are so familiar with, throwing them into a new life they know nothing about.They all have to learn “to make peace with the past and make the most of the present”， wrote Giovanna Fulvi on the website TIFF.But theres still something that never changes about youth. No matter what time of history it is, people share the same longing for love and beauty. Sunshine, laughter and swimming pools these typical images of youth are all well kept in Mr. Fengs new film.According to , Youth is actually a nostalgic (怀旧的) and personal work that Mr. Feng dedicates to