英语句型、时态讲解单元.ppt

Grammar,sentences,start !,句子成份, 句子一般由两个部分组成：,主语部分（ subject group）,谓语部分（ predicate group）, 句子成份：,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,Members of sentence: S - subject P - predicative O - object Attri.-attribute Adv.- adverb Oc - object complement,主,宾,表,补,定,状,1) 主语（subject）,I like football.,The boy needs a pen.,句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任,常置于句首。,2) 谓语（predicate）,说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。,The train leaves at 6 oclock.,I want a ticket.,动词不定式,动名词 或从句,名词,主格代词,动词,3) 宾语（object）,4) 表语（predicative）,He won the game. On the desk,表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。 由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。,Tome lost his life in the big fire.,He is a student.,用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。 由n.或adj.担任。置于系动词之后。,除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词， 1)表感官的动词: 2) 表转变变化的动词: 3)表延续的动词 5)同位语（n. or that-clauses） 补充说明前面的某个名词或代词。 My father, a doctor, is very kind.,feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。,become, get, grow, turn, go,等,remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。,6) 宾补（objective complement）,补充说明宾语的情况 。 由n. /adj. /介宾 /分词 /不定式等担任。,They made him king., ,I consider the book too expensive., ,7) 定语（attributive） 对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示,通常位于被修饰的成分前。,The black bike is mine.,( ),说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 I tell him something interesting . 说明2：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。 The boys in the room are in Class Ten.,8) 状语（adverbial）,用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首； 修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前； 表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首， 一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,I am very sorry. We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （从句作时间状语),句子类型,简单句,并列句,复合句,句子： sentence,含有主谓结构的一组词， 有比较完整的意义。,从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：,简单句： 并列句： 复合句：,只有一个主谓结构的句子。,由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一 起构成。,含有一个主句和一个或更多的从句。,句子的类型,e.g. This kind of computer could be made in China even in the seventies.,e.g. I asked Dick for some help, but he couldnt do it , either.,e.g. They were deeply moved by what they saw and heard there.,.简单句,1. Things changed. 2. Trees are green. 3. We dont beat children. 4. He gave his sister the piano. 5. I found the book easy.,主 + 谓,主 + 谓 + 表,主 + 谓 + 宾,主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语, ,主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补,Nobody went. She became a doctor. The car caught fire. I will write you a long letter. I will let him go.,Practice, ,主 + 谓,主 + 谓 + 表,主 + 谓 + 宾,主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补,.并列句,This is me and these are my friends. They must stay in water, or they will die. Its not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed.,and,or,but,so,He knocked at the door; there was no answer. Youre alive! And shes dead.,名词性从句,状语从句：副词性从句,定语从句: 形容词性从句 是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词叫做定语从句。,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,.复合句,名词性从句,1) 主语从句:从句在句中充当主语成分,* What he said is not known. * That we shall be late is certain. * It is certain that we shall be late. * How strange it is that the children are so quiet!,2）表语从句:放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。结构：（系动词）+ 引导词+简单句,* That is what he wants to buy. * The problem is that who we can get to replace her? * The reason is that he has lied to me several times.,3) 宾语从句：从句在全句中作宾语。,* I understand that he is well qualified. * He said that he didnt like her. * I dont know if you can help me.,4) 同位语从句：从句在句中作主语或宾语的同 位语，是对句子主语或宾语的解释、说明。,* Where did you get the idea that I couldnt come? * The question who should do the work requires consideration. * Mother made a promise that she would buy me a new coat.,the idea,The question,a promise,注意！,* that与what都可以引导名词性从句。 * what在从句中充当句子成份（主,宾,表）。 * That在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。 * that在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）.,That is what he wants to buy. That we shall be late is certain. He said (that) he didnt like her.,引导词that & what,状语从句：状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。,分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、 目的、条件、让步、方式、程度,1) 时间状语从句,Wait until you are called. When spring came, leaves turn green.,常用的关联词有：as, after, before, since, till/ until, when, while, as soon as, whenever等,2) 地点状语从句,Put it where you found it. Sit down wherever you like.,常用的关联词有：where, wherever, anywhere,3) 原因状语从句,As I didnt know the way, I asked a policeman,常用的关联词有：because, as, since,4) 结果状语从句,I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.,常用的关联词有：so, so that, such that, that,5) 目的状语从句,Ill show you so you will see how its done.,常用的关联词有：so, so that, in order that,6) 条件状语从句,If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.,常用的关联词有：if, unless, in case that, on condition that,常用的关联词有：though, although, if even if, even though,7) 让步状语从句,Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument.,常用的关联词有：as, as if, as though, how,常用的关联词有：so, so that, as far as, so long as,8) 方式状语从句,He did just as you told him.,9) 程度状语从句,So long as you need me, Ill stay.,英语中常用的十种时态,.一般现在时 谓语构成： be (am, is, are), have (have, has)其他动词第三人称单数做主语时，谓语动词词尾加-s或-es,其余人称作主语时，一律用动词原形。 (1).结尾是-s,-sh, -ch, -x或-o加-es. 如：discusses, finishes, reaches, fixes, goes (2).结尾是辅音字母+y的，变y为i再加-es 如：fly flies, study studies,2. 一般现在时的使用 （1）表示经常发生的或习惯性的行为或状态。常与always, usually, often, sometimes, at times, every day, on Sundays, never 等。 （2）在时间状语、条件状语、让步状语从句中常用一般现在时表达将来时的概念，主句用将来时。,Exercises: 学生们经常在物理实验室做实验。 你吃了这药之后会感觉好一些的。 只要明天不刮风我就去溜冰。 即使明天下雨我也得走。,.一般过去时,谓语构成: be (was were)， have (had),其他人称用过去式。 一般过去时的使用： (1).表示在过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与yesterday, last Sunday morning, last year, two hours ago, just now, the other day(不久前一天), once upon a time(从前)等表示过去的时间状语连用。 (2). 在复合句中全句描述过去将来的事，主句用过去将来时，时间状语、条件状语、让步状语从句用一般过去时。,Exercises: 1.吃完早饭，他列了一个购物单，拿起购物筐就出去采购了。 2.他告诉我下次再来时送我礼物。 3. 他说即使第二天上午下雨，他也不再呆下去了。,.一般将来时,1. 谓语构成：shall (第一人称),will (三个人称) + 动词原形，(shant, wont) 2. 一般将来时的使用：表示将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与tomorrow， tomorrow afternoon, next Sunday morning, next month, next time, in a few days 等表示将来时间的状语连用。 Exercise： (1).下星期日上午，如果作业不多的话，我会和我的朋友去滑冰。,(2).从现在起我会更加努力学习数学和英语。, 其他表示将来时的方式,be going to +动词原形, “打算、准备、计划、即将”. 常用来表示已经决定或安排妥要做的事，或用来表示根据某种情况判断，必然会或很可能发生的事。 (1). 今晚我不打算看电视了，因为今晚的电视节目不好。,(2). 天很阴，我肯定天会下雨的。,2. be to+动词原形，表示预定的或安排好要进行的动作，或表示命令、要求等。 (1). 会议定于下星期一召开。 (2). 明天修理这辆汽车。,3. be about to +动词原形, “正要，就要” ，表示即将要进行或发生的动作。,Exercise: 我朋友就要动身去加拿大了。,谓语构成: would 或should+动词原形 过去将来时的使用： 表示就过去某一时间而言，将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。过去将来时态常常有一般过去时态的动作陪衬。 (1). 我朋友告诉我，再过一个月他开始学习德语。 (2). 那天他说他当天不回家了。,. 过去将来时,其他表示过去将来时的方式： was / were going to +动词原形 “过去打算” was / were to +动词原形 “定于，即将” was /were about to +动词原形 “正要，正准备”,. 现在进行时,1. 谓语构成：am / is / are + 动词的现在分词,2. 现在进行时的使用： (1). 表示说话时正在进行的动作。 (2). 表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作。 (3). 用来代替一般将来时，表示不久将要发生的动作。主要用于come, go, leave, arrive, start 等动词。,Exercise:,(1). 迈克正在写感谢信。 (2). 中国在医学上正迅速发展。 (3). 明天他们就要乘飞机来了。,. 过去进行时,谓语构成：was / were +动词的现在分词 过去进行时的使用： 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作句中往往有过去的时间状语。句中的过去时间状语往往是 then, at that time, this time yesterday, the whole morning yesterday, at 10:00 last Sunday night等。,昨天一上午他们都在开会。,. 现在完成时,1. 谓语构成：have / has +动词的过去分词,2. 现在完成时的使用： 表示到说话时为止已经做过的动作，或表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态。常与already, yet(用于疑问句或否定句), up to now= so far= by now= till now, just, ever, never, recently, in the last/ past few years, in recent years, since two years ago, for a few days 等连用。,Exercises:,(1).我还没做完作业呢。,(2). 到现在为止她共获过五次奖。,. 过去完成时,1.谓语构成：had+动词的过去分词,2. 过去完成时的使用： 表示过去某一时刻之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作。,Exercises： (1).直到上周末为止，我们还没有得到有关那件事的消息。 (2). 他来的时候我已经等了近半个小时了。,. 现在完成进行时,1. 谓语构成：have / has been +动词的现在分词,2. 现在完成进行时的使用： 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在还在进行的动作。,你学习三个小时了，该休息了。,. 过去完成进行时,谓语构成：had been + 动词的现在分词 过去完成进行时的使用： 表示从过去某一时间开始的动作，一直延续到过去另一时间而且还依然在进行。,到上周末，史密斯夫妇已经在中国旅游了60天了。,UNIT two,Learn to say more about yourself （个人情况） Learn to make offers and requests（建议或请求） Learn to check into a hotel（入住登记） The expression of time（时间表达）,The expressions of the greeting (P13),Hi / Hello -Hi /Hello How do you do?-How do you do ? How are you ?-Fine,thank you /thanks, Im not very well,and you ?,Expressing dislikeness (P14),dont/doesnt 的用法 I like swimming /dancing. I dont like swimming /dancing. He likes swimming /dancing. He doesnt like swimming /dancing.,do/does的用法 (P19),一般疑问句中do/does的用法 I like swimming /dancing. Do you like swimming /dancing. Yes. I do./No, I dont. He likes swimming /dancing. Does he like swimming /dancing. Yes, he does./No, he doesnt.,The usage of the prep.,On below,Under,beside,above,In,near,The expressions of time,12 小时表达法： 1）半小时以前：9：25 直接说出数字或者用past 2）半小时以后：9：55- 可以直接说出或者用to 3）一刻钟及其倍数：a quarter /three quarters 4) 半小时整，eg.half past ten 5) In the morning -am 6) In the afternoon-pm,The expression of prep. of time,In 用于月份及其年份前：in June ,in 1996 On 用于具体的一天on May 1st At 用于时刻前：at 5 oclock For 用于一段时间：for 2 hours Fromto 表示从某点到另一点的持续时间： from 8 in the morning to 6 in the afternoon,请求与建议,Could you + do sth?表达请求： Could you spell it, please? Yes, of course. Would you + do sth?表达提议，建议 Would you like to have a coffee? Yes, please.,Unit three,Making introduction （介绍） Making offers （提议） Describe buildings and offices（描述建筑和办公环境）,Introduction 介绍他人 p28,This is 介绍别人时候需要注意的事项： 把男士介绍给女士 地位低的介绍给地位高的 年轻的介绍给年长的,Cultural note p28,Bars Buying a round 请每人喝一杯,Making offers 1 提议与应答 p28,Would you like sth ? Would you like to do sth? -yes ,please. /No, thanks. -Yes, Id like to/No, Id not, thanks.,Making offers 2 提议与应答 p29,What would you like to drink? What would you like? -Id like,Making offers 3 提议与应答 p30,主动提出做某事 Ill （I will）+动词原形 Ill buy the drinks.,基数词与序数词 p31,基数词 序数词 One first(1st) Two second(2nd) Three third(3rd) Four fourth(4th) Five fifth(5th) Fifty fiftieth Fifty-nine fifty-ninth,Cultural note p33,The difference between B.E and A.E B.E A.E 一楼 the ground the 1st floor 二楼 the 1st floor the 2nd floor 电影 film movie 电梯 elevator lift 地铁 tube subway,Grammar focus (P34),A/an/ the 1)定冠词的用法:特指,说话双方都明白的事情,前面已经出现过的事物,世界上独一无二的的,乐器前, 2)不定冠词A/an的用法:泛指,一个,可以指一类事物,表示职业的名词前面一定要用不定冠词,以元音字母开头的要用an,否则就用a,指示代词 (P34),This /these/that /those等 1）可以单独使用也可以与名词相连: These people are my friends. 2）此代词表达对比： This is my coffee and thats yours. 3）用于强调：That is really stupid!,Grammar focus (P37),“There be” and “have /has” e.g There is a book on the table We have a big room 前者是表示存在有，后者表示所属有 一般疑问句： Is/Are there ? Yes, there is/are. No, there isnt/arent (is/are not).,Unit four,Learn how to describe people, families and work roles 介绍他人、家人及工作 Learn to describe activities using the present continuous tense 现在进行时,Talking about the work (P42),介绍工作领域用介词in She is in medicine. 询问别人的工作: What do you do ?/What does Tom do ? 工作地点：work in She works in the school near my office.特指 He works in an office in London.泛指 注意 不要问及别人的薪水，在西方属于隐私,Language points (P45),简略回答 Has he got a brother? Yes, he has./No, he hasnt. Does he work now? Yes, he does./No, he doesnt.,Language points (P45),To have / to have got 表示“拥有”时他们的意思是相同的 他们的疑问用法和否定用法不同 Have you got a book? No, I havent. Do you have a TV? No, we dont. Any 通常用在疑问句和否定句中 Have you got any sisters? I havent got any sisters.,Grammar (P47),汉语中的“正在”英语中用“现在进行时态” 主语+ to be +动词-ing形式 e.g Im writing. Jane is crying. 否定 Im not writing. Jane is not crying.,Grammar (P48),一般疑问句 Is he writing? Yes, he is./No, he isnt. 特殊疑问句 What are you doing? Im writing.,Unit five,Learn how to describe accommodation: 描述住所环境 Bathroom / toilet / kitchen/ living room /study /garden /garage /dining room /hall /bedroom/ Making suggestions 提出建议,Cultural note p55,房子的三种样式 独立式 detached 半独立式 semi-detached 连排式 terraced,Making suggestions p57,What about +v-ing How about +v-ing Why dont you +verb? 要表示对建议的反映可用： well, I dont know. Yes ,Thats a good idea.,Asking the prices p60,How much does it cost? How much is the flat? How much are they? 各国的钱币的符号不同： 英国 ,p 便士 美国$ 中国,The meaning of the sentences,What does mean? -what does it mean? It means Does mean?,Unit seven P72,Study the language for criticizing 表达批评 How do we make a call 打电话 How to make an appointment 预约时间,Making offers 1 提议与应答,What would you like to drink? What would you like? -I would like to have a cup of tea.,Language points 2 提议与应答 p73,Would you like to do sth? -yes ,please. /No, thanks. -Yes, Id like to/No, Id not, thanks. How about? What about? Why dont you?,Cultural note P74,How are you? 1, Fine, thank you. How are you? 2, Fine, thanks. And you? 3, Not too bad, thanks. And how are you? 4, OK, thanks.,Language points 2 P75,时间的花费表达： 1) to take 花费（时间 ） It takes sb some time to do sth sth takes+时间 How long does it take? 2) sb spend some time (in) doing sth sb spend some time on sth,Language points 3 P78,表示批评： too+形容词 太 too dark not +形容词+enough 不够 not good enough,Making a call P80,Hello,this is xxx speaking/ xxx here. Can I speak to xxx ?/Is xxx these, please? Whos calling, please? Is that you ,Mary ?/Is that Mary? One moment /Hold on, please. Sorry, she/he is not in/Im afraid she/he is out. Sorry, wrong number. Can I take a massage? Can /Could I leave a massage, please?,Making an appointment P82,Are you free on Sunday? What about Sunday? How about 6 oclock? Is 6 oclock okay? _(time ) is fine . Ok, see you at _(time )on ,Cultural note P83,I am sorry/afraid. 用于否定句中表示委婉 拒绝他人的邀请和建议,应该先说no, 再说I am sorry/afraid. 后面可以加上理由 Im afraid/sorry, Im busy/not free.,Unit 8,Asking for and give permission. 允许 Describing a city 描述城市 Talking about the weather 讨论天气 Expressing a command 指令 Describing whats happening now 正在发生的事,Asking permission p86,You can do sth You cant do sth Can I do sth here? 附情态动词：may /can /及其过去时态might /could Must/have to/need,Cultural note P86,I am sorry/afraid. 用于否定句中表示委婉 拒绝他人的邀请和建议,应该先说no, 再说I am sorry/afraid. 后面可以加上理由,Grammar (P89),汉语中的“正在”英语中用“现在进行时态” Be +verb 的现在分词,表示现阶段或此刻正在进行的动作 e.g Im writing . Jane is crying . 否定 Im not writing . Jane is not crying .,Grammar (P90),汉语中的“一般,平时”英语中用“一般现在时” verb 的单复数形式,表示每天,每时经常发生的动作,Grammar (P90),注意: 一些动词只用一般现在时,不能用进行时 Be, have, like, love, hate, think,Sth about the weath