2020高考英语新创新一轮复习写作第一编第一讲正确使用5种基本句型学案北师大版.docx

第一编 第一讲 正确使用5种基本句型如果一篇文章中有较多的语法错误，即使词汇再亮、句式再高，也只能是欲盖弥彰、难掩其丑，将直接被打入低分“冷宫”。“欲想得高分，先保基本分”。所以，我们先从写对句子学起。 第一讲 正确使用5种基本句型基本句型(一)简约却不简单的“主谓”结构(一)主谓结构中谓语常用来表示主语的动作或状态。这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。但不能接宾语，也没有被动语态。常见的不及物动词有：arrive, come, lie, shine, live, walk, fall, rise, happen, exist, ride, occur, agree, write等。它的基本结构是：主语谓语(vi.)(状语)The_sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。He usually swims at weekends.他经常在周末游泳。 am writing to give my thanks to you.我写信向你表示感谢。In the environment, teachers_and_students are living happily and working hard.在这种环境下，师生们生活快乐，工作努力。应用体验1翻译句子(主语不及物动词)他从早到晚地努力工作。He_works_hard_from_morning_till_night.接下来的几周，我们的友谊发展地很快。Our_friendship_developed_fast_over_the_following_weeks.本周五晚自习之后我们将于8：00在学生俱乐部集合。Well_gather_at_the_Students_Club_at_8：00_pm.this_Friday,_after_the_evening_classes.我们同意周末帮老人做一些家务活。We_agree_to_help_the_old_people_do_some_housework_at_weekends.昨天我碰巧在街上遇到了我的一个朋友。I_happened_to_meet_a_friend_of_mine_in_the_street_yesterday.(二)谓语动词也可以是不及物动词短语，如come up (被提出), run out (用完), get by (勉强生存), come out (出版), break down (抛锚；出故障), drop by (顺便拜访), pass out (晕倒)等。Many_good_approaches_to_vocabulary_learning came up at Global Education Summit.许多好的词汇学习方法在全球教育峰会上被提了出来。You can get by with existing vocabulary, but try to improve it if you want to get good marks.你现有的词汇勉强能用，但如果想要取得高分你还是要扩充词汇量。His_computer broke down when he was doing his homework.他做作业时，电脑突然坏掉了。注意不及物动词或短语后不能接宾语，要特别注意英汉表达的差异。他家昨晚发生了一场火灾。His home broke out a fire last night.()A fire broke out in his home last night.()应用体验2翻译句子(主语不及物动词短语)自2010年以来成都发生了很大变化。Great_changes_have_taken_place_in_Chengdu_since_2010.第二天，我们一早就出发了。The_next_day,_we_set_off_early_in_the_morning.每当讨论英语学习方法时，他的名字总会被提到。His_name_came_up_whenever_the_matter_of_English_learning_methods_was_discussed.爱护环境很重要，因为地球的自然资源将会枯竭。Caring_for_the_environment_is_very_important_as_the_earths_natural_resources_will_run_out.实际上，在国外旅行时，人们凭借少许的当地用语便能勉强对付过去。Actually,_people_can_get_by_with_a_few_local_expressions_when_traveling_to_a_foreign_country.专题过关训练翻译句子(“主语谓语”结构)1(2018全国卷书面表达)这部英文短片将于下午2点在学校大厅开始放映。The_English_short_film_will_start_in_the_school_hall_at_2：00_pm.2(2017全国卷书面表达)我写信是想告诉你下一节汉语课的事。I_am_writing_to_tell_you_about_your_next_Chinese_lesson.3(2016四川高考书面表达)并且我也可以在外面玩！And_I_can_play_outside_too!4(2015北京高考书面表达)我们站在他周围，专心地看着。We_stood_around_him_and_watched_attentively.5他的新小说什么时候出版？When_will_his_new_novel_come_out?基本句型(二)众人青睐的“主谓宾”结构“主谓宾”句型之所以受到中国英语学习者的青睐，是因为它跟我们的思维方式最接近，因而这个句型也是同学们在写作中运用最多的。它的基本结构是：主语谓语(vt.)宾语(状语)(一)该句型中的谓语是及物动词，如respect, admire, ignore, provide, upset, appreciate等。其后可接名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句等作宾语。All_of_us respect our English teacher very much.我们都非常尊敬我们的英语老师。You cannot ignore your friends for long.你不能长久地忽视你的朋友们。A_true_friend will provide support when we are in trouble.当我们面临困难时，一个真正的朋友会给我们提供支持。 do appreciate your timely help.我特别感谢你的及时帮助。在写作中，同学们比较擅长使用主动语态。如果能灵活使用被动语态，会给句子添彩不少。例如：To broaden vocabulary, we should read more native materials.To broaden vocabulary, more native materials should be read.I am not sure whether all the college graduates can find jobs after graduation.I am not sure whether the college graduates can get employed after graduation.应用体验1翻译句子(主语及物动词宾语)我们都拥有相同的机会。We_all_possess_the_same_chance.上周末我们班组织了一次社会实践活动。Last_weekend_our_class_organized_a_social_practice_activity.只有观众才能决定谁是胜利者。Only_viewers_can_decide_who_the_winner_is.我不知道如何处理这些旧杂志。I_dont_know_how_to_deal_with_these_old_magazines.我不能用英语表达自己。I_cant_express_myself_in_English.(二)谓语动词也可以是及物的动词短语，如go through (经历), stand for (代表，象征), get on well with (与相处融洽), look forward to (盼望), come across (碰到)等等。True_friends go through all the hardships of life together.真正的朋友一起渡过生活中的一切难关。Sometimes difficulties stand for a special kind of chance for us to make progress.有时候困难象征着一种能让我们进步的机遇。We have to get on well with different personalities.我们要和不同性格的人融洽相处。In the valley we came across a group of Mexicans.在山谷里我们遇到了一群墨西哥人。 注意1在“动词介词”的动词短语中，宾语只能接在介词之后；在“动词副词”的动词短语中，作宾语的名词放于副词前后皆可；作宾语的代词只能放在副词之前。Please wake Li Ling up (wake up Li Ling) at six thirty in the morning.()Please wake her up at six thirty in the morning.()Please wake up her at six thirty in the morning.()2有些“主谓宾结构”的句子虽然短小，但表达的含义更精确，语言更地道。写作中并不一定句子越长越好。I could not say any word.Words failed me.(单词虽然少，句子更精悍)应用体验2翻译句子(主语及物动词短语宾语)在朋友们的支持下，Peter度过了生命中的艰难时光。Peter_went_through_hard_times_in_life_with_the_support_of_his_friends.在学校里，他与同学们相处融洽。He_gets_along_well_with_his_classmates_at_school.他没有敲门就闯进了我的房间。He_broke_into_my_room_without_knocking_at_the_door.昨天在商场，我遇到了我的好朋友大卫。I_came_across_my_best_friend_David_in_the_shopping_mall_yesterday.牛仔(cowboy)代表了一种简单而且自由的生活方式。Cowboys_stand_for_a_simple_and_free_way_of_life.专题过关训练翻译句子(“主谓宾”结构)1(2018全国卷书面表达)我相信你会玩得很开心。I_have_the_confidence_that_you_will_have_a_good_time.2(201811月浙江高考写作)在2018年11月2号，我乘坐FL753航班抵达伦敦。I_took_FL753_to_London_on_November_2,_2018.3(2017全国卷书面表达)我们学校的乒乓球队现在正在招收新队员。The_Table_Tennis_Team_of_our_school_is_looking_for_new_players_right_now.4(2017北京高考书面表达)我们讨论了该把什么放进视频中。We_debated_over_what_to_put_into_the_video.5(2016全国卷书面表达)通过做兼职工作，我能得到一些宝贵的经验。By_doing_the_parttime_job_I_can_get_some_precious_experience.基本句型(三)独一无二的“主系表”结构汉语没有表语这一说法，这样就显得英语的“主系表”结构比较有个性了，因此我们说此结构是独一无二的，主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。它的基本结构是：主语系动词表语1这种句型无被动语态，也无进行时态。谓语动词需用系动词，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语或非谓语动词形式等。常见的系动词有be，还有感官系动词(sound, look, smell, taste, feel)；变化系动词(become, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run)；持续系动词(remain, keep, hold, stay)；表象系动词(seem, appear, look)等。This is an EnglishChinese dictionary.这是一本英汉词典。Everything looks different.一切看起来都不同。Now we feel released and very energetic in class.现在我们在课堂上感到轻松，精力充沛。2同一个单词的不同词性作表语时，所表达的意义是不同的，这也是学生写作时常犯错误之一。Learning_English is hard.(形容词作表语)()Learning_English is a hardship.(抽象名词具体化)()Learning English is hardship.()3在主系表结构中要注意英汉表达的差异，避免中式英语。如：这件外套很贵。The price of the coat is very expensive.()The_coat is very expensive.()The_price_of_the_coat is very high.()表示价格的词price只能用“高”或“低”，即high或low来修饰，而不能像汉语一样用“贵”或“贱”来形容。注意(1)population是不可数名词，说“人口多或少”要用large或small (比较级larger或smaller), 不能受汉语的影响，用many或few(比较级more或fewer)来修饰。如：上海的人口比北京的人口多。The population of Shanghai is more than that of Beijing.()The_population_of_Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.()(2)convenient不可用人作主语，要用物作主语或用it作形式主语，常用的结构是：sth.be convenient to sb./Its convenient to sb./Its convenient to do sth.如：我方便时来看你。I will see you if I am convenient.()I will see you if it is convenient to me.()应用体验(一)选词填空/补全句子(注意使用动词的正确形式)1We do morning exercises to keep (keep, turn, become) healthy.2Put the meat in the refrigerator.It goes (go, get, turn, become) bad easily.3What he said sounded (sound, look, smell, taste) reasonable.4The apple tastes (tastes, is tasted) sweet.5They work day and night to make their dream come_true (实现)6Please keep_quiet/silent (保持安静). The baby has fallen_asleep (睡着)(二)根据首字母和语境，写出符合句子意思的系动词1You look tired.You should go to bed.2I know it may sound strange to you, but Ive decided to be a farmer.3With the right colors, a small room may appear much bigger.4Mary hid the truth from her husband and she felt a bit guilty.5Dad will go crazy when he hears that I quit my job.6Please remain seated until all the lights are on.专题过关训练补全句子(“主系表”结构)1(2018全国卷书面表达)最重要的是，你应该注意餐桌礼仪。Most importantly, its_vital_that_you_should_mind_your_table_manners.2(2018北京高考书面表达)收到你的来信知道你要来北京，我很高兴。Im_happy_to_receive_your_letter and know youre coming to Beijing.3(2017全国卷书面表达)唐诗是我们下一节课将要学习的内容。Tang_Poetry_is_what_we_are_going_to_learn_the_next_class.4(2016全国卷书面表达)这确实是让更多的人观看它们的一次好机会。This_is_surely_a_good_chance for more people to see them.5(2016北京高考书面表达)收到你的来信真是太棒了！知道你对中国历史感兴趣，我很自豪。Its great to hear from you! I feel_proud knowing your interest in Chinese history.6(2015全国卷书面表达)我们报纸的“外国文化”栏目非常受我们学生的欢迎。The_“Foreign_Cultures”_section_in_our_newspaper_is_very_popular among us students.7那天他感到很郁闷。He felt_depressed/upset_that_day.8这个计划证明是可行的。The plan turned_out/proved_(to_be)_practical.基本句型(四)一拖二的“主谓宾宾”结构“主谓宾宾”这类句型在写作中常常用到，具有独特的魅力。与单个的及物动词跟一个宾语结构相比，双宾语结构的独特之处在于一个动词与两个名词短语相互作用。它的基本结构是：主语谓语(vt.)间接宾语(人)直接宾语(一)间接宾语一般位于直接宾语的前面，如果间接宾语在直接宾语的后面，那么中间需要加上一个介词。可用介词to来变换间接宾语的动词：give, offer, hand, show, throw, pass, pay, send, sell, tell, lend, write等。(如：give sb.sth.give sth.to sb.)However busy he is, he writes me an email every week.However busy he is, he writes an email to me every week.不管他多忙，他每周都会给我写一封电子邮件。Mr_Smith gave me some advice and lent me an English dictionary.Mr Smith gave some advice to me and lent an English dictionary to me.史密斯先生给了我一些建议并且借了本英文词典给我。This_competition offered us a chance to learn about Chinese culture.This competition offered a chance to learn about Chinese culture to us.这个比赛给我们提供了一个了解中国文化的机会。 have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.I have to pay 20 pounds to them for this room each month.我每个月要付20英镑的房租给他们。应用体验1翻译句子(“主谓宾宾”结构)他给这位英雄写了一封求助信。He_wrote_the_hero_a_letter_for_help.你能把那本书借给我吗？Can_you_lend_me_that_book?她向我们提供了大量的食物和水。She_offers_us_plenty_of_food_and_water.他们定期给我们发来邮件。They_send_us_regular_email.在我很小的时候，妈妈经常给我讲故事。When_I_was_a_child,_my_mother_always_told_me_stories.(二)可用介词for来变换间接宾语的动词：make, buy, cook, find, get, order, sing, spare, fetch等。(如：make sb.sth.make sth.for sb.)He bought me a bicycle.He bought a bicycle for me.他给我买了一辆自行车。Can you get me some stamps?Can you get some stamps for me?你能帮我拿些邮票吗？Please find me an apartment.Please find an apartment for me.请帮我找一套公寓。The_new_regulation_about_limiting_the_number_of_cars_on_road can spare travelers a lot of time.The new regulation about limiting the number of cars on road can spare a lot of time for travelers.这项关于限制马路上汽车数量的法规能够为旅行者们节约很多时间。注意ask, answer, take, cost等，这一类动词无法改变结构形式。May ask you a question？我可以问你一个问题吗？应用体验2翻译句子(“主谓宾宾”结构)你能给我腾点时间吗？Can_you_spare_me_some_time?她给自己订购了一条裙子。She_ordered_herself_a_dress.他给他的母亲请了一个医生。He_fetched_his_mother_a_doctor.我妈妈给我做了顿大餐来庆祝我的胜利。My_mom_cooked_me_a_big_meal_to_celebrate_my_victory.我要为你唱首生日歌。I_will_sing_you_a_birthday_song.专题过关训练翻译句子/补全句子(“主谓宾宾”结构)1(2018全国卷书面表达)希望我能提供给你一些有用的建议。Hopefully,_I_can_offer_you_some_helpful_suggestions.2(2017北京高考书面表达)那确实给了我们一种极大的成就感。That_surely_gave_us_a_great_sense_of_achievement.3(2016全国卷书面表达)我记得你来我们学校访问时，你给我展示了一些关于环保的照片。I remember you_showed_me_some_photos_on_environmental_protection when you visited our school.4(2016全国卷书面表达)对于周五下午不能和你一起去书店的事情，我应向你道歉。I owe_you_an_apology for the fact that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.5(2016北京高考书面表达)想要了解更多？请告诉我，我可以给你提供一些书籍。Interested in knowing more? I_can_find_you_some_books. Just let me know.6(2016天津高考书面表达)现在，我代表全校同学，祝你们回国旅途愉快。Now,_on_behalf_of_my_schoolmates,_I_wish_you_a_pleasant_trip_back_to_your_country.基本句型(五)缺一不可的“主谓宾补”结构“主谓宾补”句式结构中的谓语虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。写作时应熟练掌握“名词作宾语补足语”这种高级表达形式。它的基本结构是：主语谓语(vt.)宾语宾语补足语1常用名词充当宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, elect, make, appoint, leave, consider, keep, wish等。Her_parents died and left her an orphan.她父母双亡，使她成了孤儿。We_all call him a living dictionary.我们都叫他“活字典”。2常用形容词充当宾语补足语的动词有：believe, think, get, keep, make, find, set, wish, consider, prove, leave, paint, drive等。He didnt consider himself (to be) important.他并不认为自己重要。You had better keep the door open, because it is hot in the room.你最好把门开着，屋里实在太热了。3常用现在分词和省略to的动词不定式等作宾补的及物动词有：see, notice, hear, watch, observe, leave等。He left me waiting in the rain.他让我在雨中等。Did you see him go out？你看到他出去了吗？4常用to do作宾补的及物动词有：advise, ask, command, encourage, forbid, permit, persuade, get等。Our_maths_teacher always encourages us to work out the questions by ourselves instead of being told the answers.我们的数学老师经常鼓励我们自己解决问题而不是等着老师把答案告诉我们。5常用副词、介词短语等作宾补的及物动词有：leave, put等。You cant leave your friend in trouble.你不能把你朋友置于困境而不顾。6有些动词后常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，这是英语中常用的句型，即“主语谓语it宾补真正的宾语”。常见的动词有：think, find, consider, feel, make等。The_student has made it a rule to read Eng