抗生素概论（英文ppt） a brief review of antibiotics课件

A brief review of bacteria and Virbac Dental Products that control them,Microorganism- a microscopic organism; bacteria, virus, fungi, and protozoa Bacterium-single cell microorganism that multiply by cell division and the cell typically contains a cell wall Bacteria- plural of bacterium Bacteria are named with a Genus and species ex: Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria are classified according to Shape Gram stain Oxygen need,Shape of bacteria Cocci- circle shaped Rods- cylindrical,Gram staining Special stain for bacteria Gram positive- bacteria stain purple Gram negative-bacteria stain red,Oxygen requirements Aerobic- must have oxygen present to survive Bacteria on the skin surface Anaerobic- live in the absence of oxygen Bacteria in bone, dental infections,Terminology,Antimicrobial Any substance of natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of a microorganism, but causes little or no host damage Antibiotic A substance produced by a microorganism that, at low concentrations, inhibits or kills other microorganisms,Antibacterial- agent that destroys or suppresses the growth or reproduction of bacteria Antiseptic- any substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms. Does NOT include antibiotics. A good example is disinfectants used on inanimate objects,Germicide-agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms Bacteriostatic Stops the bacteria from multiplying but does not kill it Bactericidal Kills the bacteria,Broad spectrum antibiotic- antibiotic that is effective against broad range of antibiotics (Gram + and Gram Aerobes and Anaerobes) Narrow spectrum antibiotic- antibiotic that is effective against only a few types of bacteria,Resistance- bacteria are no longer susceptible to the agent,Classes of Antimicrobials,Classified based on general spectrum and how they work and how they are made Examples Some work by interfering with protein synthesis Some work by interfering with cell wall function Some work by interfering with bacterial DNA,Classes of Antimicrobials,Penicillins Including Amoxicillin, Clavamox (Pfizer), Ampicillin Cephalosporins Including cephalexin (Keflex), Simplicef Fluoroquinolones Including Baytril (Bayer), Zeniquin (Pfizer) Lincosamides Including clindamycin and lincomycin Macrolides Azithromycin Tetracyclines Doxycycline such as the active in Doxirobe gel (Pfizer),Clindamycin,Lincosamide antibiotic Broad spectrum NOT effective against Gram - Aerobes Indicated for wounds, abscesses, bone and dental infections Most common side effect vomiting and diarrhea,Clindamycin,Clintabs Only veterinary clindamycin in tablet form Only labeled for dogs Clinsol Clindamycin liquid Labeled for dogs and cats,Lysosomes- intracellular storage vesicle* (kinda like the stomach of the cell),Clavamox Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid Broad spectrum Indicated for skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections and periodontal disease,registered trademark of Pfizer,Clavamox Tablets come in strips of 14 blister packs Drops come as powder that has to be reconstituted (only good for 10 days after reconstitution),When should a veterinarian prescribe antibiotics in relation to a teeth cleaning?*,Poor nutrition Existing heart disease (including benign murmurs) Kidney failure If pet on steroids Pre-existing debilitating disease,* Practice of Veterinary Dentistry by Jan Bellows, DVM,When should a veterinarian prescribe antibiotics in relation to a teeth cleaning?,Advanced Periodontal disease Osteomyelitis Ulcerative stomatitis Tooth fracture with pulp exposure Gingivitis with periodontal disease Cut in oral mucosa,Other products for teeth cleaning,In Clinic Use C.E.T. 0.12% Chlorhexidine rinse 6% Ethyl Alcohol Antibacterial Makes plaque easier to dissolve,Facts about Chlorhexidine It is a biguanid antiseptic Mechanism of Action- binds to cell wall and causes cellular contents leak Blood, pus, and exudates do not reduce its activity,Facts about Chlorhexidine, cont. Some vets are concerned about ingestion of chlorhexidine When ingested orally, most of it is eliminated unchanged in the feces Oral LD 50 is 1800mg/kg Chronic use of chlorhexidine on the teeth may cause some staining (this is rarely a concern in veterinary medicine),What the heck is LD 50? LD means lethal dose The dosage at which 50% of the animals die when given the product. 0.12% Chlorhexidine means there is 1.2 mg/ml. A 10 kg (22 lb) dog would have to consume 15000 ml (almost 4 gallons) to receive the LD 50,Home Dental Care,C.E.T. Oral Hygiene Rinse 0.12% Chlorhexidine 0.01% Zinc Helps tissues heal Alcohol free Cetylpyridinium Breath freshener,C.E.T. Hextra Chews Chlorhexidine sprayed onto the chews Single layer rawhide (except the petite size which is extruded) We have a zone of inhibition study comparing Hextra chews to untreated chew,Conclusion The patented C.E.T. HEXtra Chews released significant concentrations of active (antimicrobial) chlorhexidine into solution. Chlorhexidine released from C.E.T. HEXtra Chews created significant zones of inhibition on agar plates inoculated with Fusobacterium nucleatum.,C.E.T. HEXtra chew extract,Control chew extract,Zone of Inhibition,C.E.T. Oral Hygiene Chews,Glucose oxidase and lactoperoxidase react with agents in the mouth to produce Hypothiocyanite which is antibacterial. The dual enzymes are sprayed onto the chews.,Three components: Glucose oxidase Lactoperoxidase Thiocynate Glucose oxidase added to saliva produces hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide in the presence of lactoperoxidase reacts with thiocyanate to produce hypothiocyanite which inhibits the growth of plaque-causing bacteria,C.E.T. Dual Enzyme Formula,CET Hextra Chews Versus CET Oral Hygiene Chews CHX is bacteriacidal CHX may give up to 24 hours of antibacterial activity Dual enzymes form hypothiocyanite which is bacteriostatic Dual enzymes only effective while the chew is being chewed,C.E.T. Dental Reward Chlorhexidine sprayed onto the chews,Quiz Time!,Email your answers to no later than November 16, 2007. In the event of a tie score, names will be put into a hat and a winner drawn. The prize is a $25.00 American Express Gift Certificate. Remember, you can just send the answers in the body of the email. It is not necessary to repeat the question nor create a word