国际经济法第七章二、GA.ppt

二、 GATT1994,周超 200910,例1,关于世界贸易组织与原关贸总协定的区别与联系，下列说法错误的是哪几项？ A、原关贸总协定是正式的国际组织，而世界贸易组织不仅是正式的国际组织，还是永久性国际组织 B、原关贸总协定主要局限于货物贸易和纺织品贸易领域，而世界贸易组织还包括农产品贸易与服务贸易 C、原关贸总协定的许多协定可以选择的接受，世界贸易组织协定必须一揽子接受，但可以对参加的协定提出保留 D、原关贸总协定争端解决机制实行完全协商一致的方式，世界贸易组织争端解决机制采取反向协商一致的原则，对争端解决规定了时间表。,例2,根据WTO的规则，下列哪些选项属于货物贸易领域国民待遇原则的例外？ A、未参加政府采购协议的成员方政府，在为自用或公共目的采购货物时，可以优先购买本国产品 B、有关电影片的国内放映数量的规定，即可要求电影院只能放映一定数量的外国影片 C、只给予某种产品的国内生产者补贴，且这种补贴符合补贴和反补贴协议以及农产品协议对国内生产者补贴所作的规定 D、历史遗留的特惠关税安排,一、GATT1994的组成,组成: GATT1947的各项条款,不包括临时适用议定书 ; WTO成立前的关税减让议定书,各缔约方加入议定书,有关豁免,以及缔约方全体作出的其他决定性; “乌拉圭回合”达成的有关条款的6个谅解; 1994年关贸总协定马拉喀什议定书,二、GATT1994原则,Article I: General Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment 1. With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation and exportation, and with respect to all matters referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article III,* any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by any contracting party to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contracting parties.,相关案例,加拿大汽车工业措施案， DS142，DS139 Canada Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry 欧盟香蕉案，DS27 European Communities Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas,National Treatment,Art3（2）. The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall not be subject, directly or indirectly, to internal taxes or other internal charges of any kind in excess of those applied, directly or indirectly, to like domestic products. ,National Treatment,Art3 （4） The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to like products of national origin in respect of all laws, regulations and requirements affecting their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use. The provisions of this paragraph shall not prevent the application of differential internal transportation charges which are based exclusively on the economic operation of the means of transport and not on the nationality of the product.,相关案例,日本烈酒案，Japan Alcoholic Beverages II ，DS10，DS11，DS58 加拿大期刊案，Canada-Periodicals, DS31,三、 GATT1994 例外条款,（一）属于整个 GATT 原则、规则的例外 1 一般例外 Art 20 Chapeau Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any contracting party of measures:,引言三个标准,第一，不在条件相同国家间有武断歧视； 第二，不在条件相同国家间有不正当歧视； 第三，不得对国际贸易构成变相限制。 问题：措施的采取是否允许歧视？,具体措施,(b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health; （ b 项）缔约方采取的为保护人民、动植物生命健康所必须的措施 (d) necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations which are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement, including those （ d 项）为保证与本协定无抵触的法规、条例的执行所必需的措施 (g) relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources if such measures are made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or consumption; （ g 项）为保护可能用竭的天然资源的有关措施,贸易与环境的典型案例,金枪鱼案 BISD 29 S/91 海龟案 WT/DS138 问题： （1）产品生产过程与产品本身区别？限制产品生产过程的政策和法律是否适用相似产品的政策法律？ （2）第20条是否允许一国法律有域外效力？ （3）先审查是否符合20条引言还是具体措施？,援引一般例外的条件,第一，要满足一般例外中列举的一种或多种例外； 第二，实施的措施能达到例外规定的目的； 第三，对条件相同的各成员，实施的措施不得“构成任意的或不合理的歧视待遇，或构成对国际贸易的变相限制”； 第四，采取的措施是“必需的”。,案例一,【案情介绍】 甲国以保护本国国民健康为理由，决定禁止从乙国进口含有荷尔蒙的牛肉，但事实上甲国境内并不禁止此类牛肉的销售；另外，甲国仍然从丙国进口含荷尔蒙的牛肉。乙国认为其根据 GATT应获得的利益受到损害，甲国认为其采取的措施为 GATT1994第 20条一般例外所允许，两国对此产生争议 【问题】 甲国的做法是否违反 GATT1994 的原则？ 甲国的行为是否符为 GATT1994 第 20 条所允许？,4 安全例外,GATT 第 21 条是安全例外，规定缔约方提供有关国家安全的资料和为国家安全利益所采取的行动，以及依联合国宪章为维持国际和平安全采取的行动不受总协定约束。,Article XXI Security Exceptions,Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed (a) to require any contracting party to furnish any information the disclosure of which it considers contrary to its essential security interests; or (b) to prevent any contracting party from taking any action which it considers necessary for the protection of its essential security interests (i) relating to fissionable materials or the materials from which they are derived; （ii) relating to the traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war and to such traffic in other goods and materials as is carried on directly or indirectly for the purpose of supplying a military establishment; (iii) taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations; or （c) to prevent any contracting party from taking any action in pursuance of its obligations under the United Nations Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security.,5.边境贸易的例外,Art 24 （3）.The provisions of this Agreement shall not be construed to prevent: (a) Advantages accorded by any contracting party to adjacent countries in order to facilitate frontier traffic;,（二）最惠国待遇例外,1 GATT24 条规定：不得阻止建立关税同盟和自由贸易区。 关税同盟、自由贸易区和共同市场的含义； Art 24 8（a) A customs union shall be understood to mean the substitution of a single customs territory for two or more customs territories, so that duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce are eliminated with respect to substantially all the trade between the constituent territories of the union or at least with respect to substantially all the trade in products originating in such territories, and,Art 24 8（b) A free-trade area shall be understood to mean a group of two or more customs territories in which the duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce are eliminated on substantially all the trade between the constituent territories in products originating in such territories.,区域经济一体化对多边贸易体制的影响。 Art 24（5）(a) with respect to a customs union, or an interim agreement leading to a formation of a customs union, the duties and other regulations of commerce imposed at the institution of any such union or interim agreement in respect of trade with contracting parties not parties to such union or agreement shall not on the whole be higher or more restrictive than the general incidence of the duties and regulations of commerce applicable in the constituent territories prior to the formation of such union or the adoption of such interim agreement, as the case may be;,2、单方面的优惠安排,（1）GSP（General System of Preference） （2）洛美协定 （3）加勒比盆地安排,洛美协定 （Lome conventions with the ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific)countries ）,指欧共体与非洲、加勒比海和太平洋地区国家（简称“非加太地区国家”）签署的一系列贸易和经济协定。洛美协定是非加太地区国家和欧共体间进行对话与合作的重要机制，也是迄今最重要的南北合作协定。 第一个洛美协定于1975年2月28日在多哥首都洛美签订，有效期五年。协定规定欧共体在五年内向非加太地区国家提供33.6亿欧洲货币单位的财政援助。签署该协定的非加太地区国家有46个。,第四个洛美协定于1989年12月15日在多哥续签，有效期10年。该协定规定，欧盟分两个阶段提供援助：头五年内提供财政援助120亿欧洲货币单位；后五年内提供援助146.25亿欧洲货币单位。 2000年6月23日各方在贝宁首都科托努正式签署了非加太地区国家与欧共体及其成员国伙伴关系协定，即科托努协定，有效期20年，洛美协定就此正式宣告结束。,（三）国民待遇例外,1 国民待遇原则不适用于政府采购。 2 国民待遇原则不妨碍一成员政府给国内生产者某种补贴。,（四）一般禁止实行数量限制的例外,1 普遍禁止的例外 Art 11 2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not extend to the following: (a) Export prohibitions or restrictions temporarily applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of foodstuffs or other products essential to the exporting contracting party; (b) Import and export prohibitions or restrictions necessary to the application of standards or regulations for the classification, grading or marketing of commodities in international trade;,(c) Import restrictions on any agricultural or fisheries product, imported in any form, necessary to the enforcement of governmental measures which operate: (i) to restrict the quantities of the like domestic product permitted to be marketed or produced, or, if there is no substantial domestic production of the like product, of a domestic product for which the imported product can be directly substituted; or,(ii) to remove a temporary surplus of the like domestic product, or, if there is no substantial domestic production of the like product, of a domestic product for which the imported product can be directly substituted, by making the surplus available to certain groups of domestic consumers free of charge or at prices below the current market level; or (iii) to restrict the quantities permitted to be produced of any animal product the production of which is directly dependent, wholly or mainly, on the imported commodity, if the domestic production of that commodity is relatively negligible.,2 为保障国际收支实施的数量限制 GATT Art12 （1）Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article XI, any contracting party, in order to safeguard its external financial position and its balance of payments, may restrict the quantity or value of merchandise permitted to be imported, subject to the provisions of the following paragraphs of this Article. 3 保障条款及保障措施协议,三、 GATT1994 关于发展中国家特殊待遇的规定,（一）第 18 条规定 第 18 条题为政府对经济发展援助，允许发展中国家有更多自由使用数量限制和其他措施保护其幼稚工业和国际收支平衡，但由于其运用受程序限制，较少采用。,（二） GATT 第四部分及授权条款，普惠制,GATT 第四部分要求发达国家给予发展中国家在贸易谈判中减让关税和其他贸易壁垒的优惠，不希望得到互惠；扩大发展中国家初级产品的出口；在考虑总协定其他特殊问题时特别注意发展中国家的贸易利益和根本利益。 GATT 东京回合谈判通过对发展中国家差别的和更优惠待遇，互惠和更全面参与的决定的授权条款，进一步确认了发展中国家在多边贸易体制中享有差别的更优惠待遇的法律地位。但是 GATT 第四部分与授权条款不是有约束力的法律义务，不能强制实行。,Art 36 8. The developed contracting parties do not expect reciprocity for commitments made by them in trade negotiations to reduce or remove tariffs and