2019年高考英语语法必考考点1名词含解析.docx

2019年高考英语语法必考考点（1）：名词含解析李仕才【考点解读】研究近年来高考题我们不难看出，名词部分主要考察名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、词性转换、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。在高考试题中，名词常结合其他项目一起考察，考察题型以短文改错、完形填空、语篇中的名词词义理解、单项选择、及写作部分等。对名词的考察一般放在名词词义辨析（特别是同义词和近义词的辨析）、名词的习惯用法、一词多义、抽象名词具体化、词性转换、名词动用等方面。1、对同义词、近义词的考查如：At the meeting they discussed three different _ to the study of mathematics.A. approaches B. meansC. methods D. ways【答案】D。【解析】在会议上他们讨论了三种不同的学习数学的方法。way意为“方式，方法”，可指具体的方法，也可指抽象的方法，多指一般的思想、行动、办事的方法，也可指个人特殊的方式、方法。approach意为“接近，靠近，方式，方法”，指接近某人或某事，也可指对待或处理事情的方式或方法。mean意为“方式，方法”，用于抽象意义，可指为达到某一目的而采用的方法、计划、政策、策略等，尤指整套方法;用于具体意义，常指为达到某一目的所使用的工具、材料、机器、用具、车船等。method意为“方式，方法”，指具体的、系统的、有步骤的方法，强调条理性及高效率。【点睛】面对英语学习中的大量近义词，仅凭母语我们往往无法把它们真正理解和解释清楚。要尽可能地多翻阅英语词典，注意并比较它们的基本义，用英语的思维方式和语言来解释和理解它们。2、对相似词的考查如：Always read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.A. explanations B. instructionsC. descriptions D. introductions【答案】B。【解析】 从选项中名词的拼写来看，不但形式相似，都是以-tion为后缀的复数形式，而且instructions 和introductions读音也相似，我们平时如果不注意单词的辨形、辨音，很容易混淆，再加上四个单词的含义也相似，有的考生被弄得晕头转向。本题要求在辨形的基础上还要知道这几个词的含义：explanation“解释”；instruction“说明”; description“描述”；introduction“介绍”。本句的意思是“必须仔细阅读药瓶上的说明，按量服用”。答案是B。3、易错的新版教材中名词固定搭配考查作为对新版教材的体现，新版教材里的一些新出现的名词固定搭配得到了较多的一种考查。如：（1） _achievement, last weeks ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low, though not failing, grade.A. In terms of B. In case ofC.As a result of D. In face of【答案】A。【解析】语境为：就成绩而言，上周WTO在这里的部长级会议得分不高，尽管还不至于不及格。B项表“如果”，C项表“因为”，D项表“面对”，A项表“关于、至于”，符合题意。（2）You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of _.A. date B. shapeC. order D. balance【答案】B。【解析】你坐在我帽子上，帽子已严重变形了。out of shape意为“变形”;out of date意为“过时”：out of order意为“混乱”;out of balance 意为“失衡”。【点睛】面对教材里的词组、搭配，我们要注意收集和整理，并尤其要加强新出现的固定搭配的记忆和分类汇总。4、根据上下文的语境选择恰当的名词考查高考对名词的考查还经常涉及这样一类考题，即要求考生根据所给句子上下文所暗示 的语境选择一个最恰当的词语，这类题考查的不一定是要求考生辨析同义词，而是要求考生根据语境的要求选出一个恰当的词语，或构成固定短语或固定搭配，或使句子语意连贯、逻辑通顺。请看两道高考真题：如：（1）We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.A. fact B. reality C. practice D. deed（2）Heres my card. Lets keep in _. A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship第 1题选C，构成短语 put into practice，意为“将付诸实践”；第2题选A，构成短语keep in touch，意为“保持联系”。5、单词基本义的引申和拓展考查近年来，常见单词的陌生义项在高考试题中不时出现，给部分考生造成了不小的障碍。如：To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses.A. strengths B. benefitsC. techniques D. values【答案】A。【解析】语境为：要使队员表现得更好，教练员首先得清楚每个队员的优点和缺点。B项表 “利益、好处”，不合题意。而A项除表体力外，还可引申为可数名词something providing force or power优点、强项，符合语境。【点睛】平时多翻阅英语词典，尽可能了解最常见单词的新义项。同时，加强英语材料的接触，拓展自己的知识面，提高自己的英语水平。6、短文改错题名词单复数的考查在高考的短文改错题型中，几乎每年都一道涉及名词单复数使用的试题 。这类试题本身难度并不大，只是要求考生能根据句意对名词单复数的使用做出 简单的判断。不过，在具体做这类题时，考生注意以下几点是有必要的：一是不可数名词通常不能有复数形式，也不能连用不定冠词；二是在通常情况下，单数可数名词不能单独使用，它要么与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等限定词连用，要么用复数。三是注意名词本身的单复数形式应与它的修饰语保持一致。请看以下几道典型的高考改错句：（1） drink some waters from a dream. (waters应改为单数 water)（2）They have been to Europe many time. (time 应改为复数 times)（3）There are branch library in many villages. (library 应改为复数 libraries)（4） . could come and visit us some times soon. (times应改为单数 time)（5）We studies quite a few subject. (subject 应改为复数 subjects)（6）We often watch football match. (match应改为复数matches)（7） so that Ill get good marks in all my subject. (subject应改为复数 subjects)（8） On my way up I was taking picture (picture应改为复数 pictures) （9） Good health is persons most valuable possession. (应在 persons 前加a)（10）There is public library in every town in Britain. (应在public library 前加 a)7. 高考对集合名词的考查。高考考查集合名词主要涉及其可数性、单复数意义、主谓一致、恰当的修饰语等。为了便于理解和记忆，我们将常考集合名词分为以下几类，并分别简述其有关用法特点：（1） family(家庭)，team(队)，class(班)，audience(听众)等，其用法特点为：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考 虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。比较：This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。This class are studying English now. 这个班的学生在学习英语。（2） cattle(牛，牲畜)，people(人)，police(警察)等，其用法特点为：只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；不与 a(n) 连用，但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如：People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。For these many cattle were killed. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。注：表示牲畜的头数，用单位词 head(单复数同形)。如：three head of cattle 3头牛，twenty (head of )cattle 20头牛。（3）goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等，其用法特点是：只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语也用复数)，但通常不与数词连用。如：Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。To whom do these goods belong? 这些书是谁的？（4） baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等, 其用法特点为：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词 (当然更不能用数词)，没有复数形式。如：Our clothing protects us from against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有行李都托运了吗?特别提醒：machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery 相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene。如：a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗，many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器。（5）补充说明几个特殊的集合名词：hair(头发，毛发)：指全部头发或毛发时，为集合名词(不可数)；指几根头发或毛发时，为个体名词(可数)。如：My hair has grown very long. 我的头发已长得很长了。The police found two hairs there. 警察在那儿找到了两根头发。mankind(人类)：是一个不可数的集合名词，不用复数形式，也不连用冠词。如：This is an invent ion that benefits mankind. 这是一项造福人类的发明。Mankind has its own problems. 人类有自己的问题。特别提醒：mankind 表示“人(类)”时，虽不可数，但有时却可以表示复数意义，尤其是当其表语是复数时。如：Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的动物。fruit(水果)：作为集合名词，它通常是不可数的。如：He doesnt not eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。He is growing fruit in the country. 他在农村种水果。但是，当要表示种类时，它可视为可数名词，即a fruit指一种水果，fruits指多种水果。体会：Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜，而不是一种水果。8. 语法填空名词转换（派生词）的考查在新课标全国卷的语法填空题中，有涉及单词的形式变化的题目。此外，新考纲要求考生掌握3500多个英语单词。因此，掌握常用派生词的构词方法（后面有专题）不仅能帮助同学们做好语法填空题，还能帮助同学们扩大词汇量，为同学们在高考中稳操胜券奠定基础。【真题分析】一、单项选择1. (2018天津) The_ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性；D. invitation邀请。故选C。【点睛】本题考查名词辨析。名词和动词及短语的考查是高考重点考查的知识点。本题语法上是一个同位语从句，从句that there is life on other planets in the universe是来解释说明前面所选择的名词。根据常识可以判断，宇宙中其它星球上存在生命只是一种可能性，目前无法证明，从而选出正确答案。2. (2018江苏) Trytounderstandwhatsactually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption【答案】D3. (2016浙江) It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payments may affect your _.A. condition B. income C. credit D. status【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。试题分析:句意:准时付电费很重要,因为付晚了会影响你的信用。 Condition条件; income收入; credit学分,信用(卡)。根据句意故选C。4. (2016天津) The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight. A. effect B. sense C. change D. chance 【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。试题分析：句意：天气预报说今天会是多云，后半夜可能有雨。A.影响；B.感觉；C.改变；D.机会，可能性。故选D。5. (2016江苏) Can you tell us your _ for happiness and a long life? Living every day to the full, definitely.A.recipeB.recordC.rangeD.receipt【答案】A二、单句填空1. (2018全国III) My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a _66_ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.【答案】scientist.【解析】考查名词。根据语境可知，我是一名研究动物的科学家。scientist科学家。2. (2018全国II)This switch has decreased _66_ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.【答案】pollution.【解析】考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased后跟名词作宾语，故填pollution。3. (2018全国I) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _67_(cause).【答案】causes【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。空格处做from的宾语，前面有all可知，要用名词复数形式。故填causes。4. (2018浙江卷) Making Chinese _56_(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，可数名词表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。5. (2018浙江卷) Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in _64_(weigh) problems.【答案】weight【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题，表示问题的类型，用名词修饰problems，故填weight。三、单句改错1. (2018全国III) The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.【答案】mistake mistakes【解析】考查名词单复数。错误不是一个，所以要用复数。2. (2018全国II) When I was little, Fridays night was our family game night.【答案】FridaysFriday3. (2018全国II) After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.【答案】sort sorts【解析】考查名词单复数。all表示三者或三者以上，后用名词复数。故把sort改为sorts。4. (2018全国I) Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.【答案】chickenchickens【解析】考查名词复数。他们拥有一个大的独立住宅，还养了许多只鸡。根据前文的dozens of可知，其后用名词复数形式。【对点测试】一、单项选择1(2018江苏盐城)Weve been destroying lots of forests every year.What a shame！Well be the_ of our own foolish behavior.Achallengers Bjudges Cwitnesses Dvictims 【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。 句意：每年我们都在毁坏大量的森林。 多可惜！我们将成为我们愚蠢行为的受害者。 A为“挑战者”； B为“法官， 审判员”； C为“见证人”； D为“受害者”。 结合语境可知选D。2(2018江苏四市调)While visiting Europe, I was lucky to have the great _of praying in a historic church that dates back to the early 12th century.AfavourBmotivation Cequality Dprivilege【答案】D【解析】favour 支持， 偏爱， 赞同； motivation 动机， 积极性， equality 平等； privilege 特权， 优待。 在访问欧洲的时候， 我有幸拥有在一座12世纪的教堂里祈祷的优待。 故选D。3(2018南京、盐城模拟)Estella showed me the way with a candle. When she opened the side entrance, the_ of the daylight quite confused me.Atrend Brush Ccrash Dincrease【答案】B4(2018江苏常熟中学)The CCTV show Chinese Characters Dictation Competition has taken the country by storm, which is partly designed to arouse peoples _ in the Chinese language.Aresponsibility Bsignificance Centhusiasm Ddisappointment【答案】C【解析】句意：中央电视台的节目中国汉字听写大会已席卷全国， 部分旨在激发人们在中国语言方面的热情。 responsibility 责任； significance重要性； enthusiasm热情； disappointment 失望；根据句意选C。 5. (2018江苏涟水中学) In spite of the advanced medical technology, many Americans have no _ to the good health care for poverty.A. access B. entrance C. introduction D. devotion【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：尽管有发达的医疗技术，很多美国人还是由于贫穷而无法享受到好的医疗保健。A. access接近；使用；B. entrance入口；C. introduction介绍；D. devotion献身，奉献。have (no) access to（无法）接近/获得，是固定短语。故本题答案为A选项，其余选项均不符合语境。6. (2018江苏启东中学) Thanks to the special chemical _ of the soil in the mountainous area, this economic plant grows well there.A. composition B. competenceC. construction D. conclusion【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于山区里土壤的特殊化学成分，这种经济作物在那儿生长得非常好。composition构成；合成物；成分；competence能力；construction建造；conclusion结论。根据常识可知，这里指化学成分，A选项正确。7. (2018江苏南京师大附中) Dave was a _. Because of his misconduct in class, the whole class had to stay after school.A. wet blanket B. leading light C. black sheep D. dark horse【答案】C8. (2018江苏常熟中学) He entered the room, .A. his nose was red with cold B. and his nose red with coldC. his nose red with cold D. his nose been red with cold【答案】C【解析】考查独立主格结构。句意：他走进房间，鼻子冻得通红。his nose red with cold是独立主格结构作伴随状语，构成形式是：n.adj. 故选C.9. (2018江苏无锡一中) When you walk into any department store in Wuxi, chances are that you will see signs with a single digit number and the Chinese character zhe prominently displayed next to products that are on _.A. discount B. bargain C. sale D. reduction【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：当你走进无锡的任何一家百货公司时，在正促销的商品旁边你都会看到贴着醒目的促销牌子，上边会有数字和一个中国汉字“折”。A. discount打折；B. bargain交易；便宜货；C. sale销售；D. reduction减少。on sale“廉价出售”。根据句意，故选C。10. (2018江苏扬州中学) In the lecture, the professor told his students about how to write an _ of a graduate paper, expressing the main argument.A. account B. application C. address D. abstract【答案】D二、单句填空1. (2018福建厦门大同中学) She had two low-sodium(钠) bacon _43_(sandwich) with a diet soda for lunch.【答案】sandwiches【解析】考查名词的数。分析可知，她买了两个三明治，所用要用复数形式sandwiches。2. (2018广东中山一中等)In some classic Chinese novels, there are_45_ (describe) of charming women in red silk shoes.【答案】descriptions【解析】句意： 在一些经典的中国小说中，有关于穿着红色丝绸鞋的迷人女人的描写。此句是there be句型，根据谓语部分are，可知句子主语用名词复数，故答案为descriptions。3. (2018广东中山一中等)If you wear a dark dress in cold _46_ (season), a pair of red shoes can raise your ensemble（整套服装）to a higher level.【答案】seasons【解析】句意：如果你在寒冷的季节穿一件深色的衣服，一双红色的鞋子可以把你的套装提升到一个更高的层次。可知此空用名词复数，故答案为seasons。4. (2018河北衡水中学)In 1962, Rachel Carsons bestseller “Silent Spring” created an _44_ (aware) of the dangerous effects of pesticides(农药).【答案】awareness【解析】考查名词。作created的宾语，冠词后面一般用名词，所以填awareness。5. (2018河北衡水中学) In China, _41_（construct）has begun of the countrys first solar highway, in which solar panels are placed underneath transparent concrete.【答案】construction【解析】考查名词。在中国，中国第一个太阳能高速公路的建设已经开始，在这个高速公路上，太阳能板被放置在透明的混凝土下面。用名词做主语，construct（建设）是动词，故答案为construction。6. (2018河北衡水中学)The see-through concrete protects a set of solar panels of two _43_（size）.【答案】sizes【解析】考查名词复数。这种透明混凝土保护了一套两种尺寸的太阳能电池板。根据two可知此处名词用复数形式，故把size改成sizes。7. (2018河北武邑中学)He can be confident too, and in particular _68_(game), that it is his place to give orders, to pretend to be dead, to throw a ball actually at someone, or to kiss someone he has caught.【答案】games8. (2018湖北黄冈中学)According to the guideline, start _63_ (time) could vary among different grades and seasons, with students in Grade 1 and 2 starting no earlier than 8:30am.【答案】times【解析】考查固定用法。根据指导方针，开始时间会根据不同的年级和季节进行变化。Start times开始时间，是固定用法，所以填times。9. (2018全国名校联盟), so that audiences can come to appreciate not only their beauty, but also their cultural _46_ (significant).【答案】significance【解析】考查词性转化。形容词修饰名词，significant“有意义的”，名词形式是significance，故填significance。10. (2018山西大同市第一中学)One study shows that petting living creatures can help people with _45_ (anxious), while animal toys have no effect at all.【答案】anxiety【解析】考查名词。句意：一项研究表明，爱抚活着的生物可以帮助人们焦虑，而动物玩具则完全没有效果。help sb. with sth. 帮助某人某事，所以此处用名词，故答案为anxiety。三、单句改错1. (2018广东中山一中等)All kinds of planes, rockets, missiles and spaceship of great importance and variously old instruments that famous pilots and astronauts used are on display.【答案】spaceshipspaceships【解析】“All kinds of planes, rockets, missiles and spaceship”句中四个名词并列，前三个都是复数形式，spaceship是可数名词，所以需加s。故将spaceship改为spaceships。2. (2018河北衡水中学)As Mr Li gets older and older, he has to rest several times along his route. Therefore, he still gets up early and sticks his routine. The neighbors have noticed his stop.【答案】stopstops3. (2018河北武邑中学) Nowadays, it is common in China that some people tend to run the red light in group when crossed the street.【答案】groupgroups【解析】考查名词单复数。根据语境可知，此处表示有些人集体闯红灯。因此，group用复数，表示不止一帮人，而是很多人。4. (2018全国名校联盟)Last, we should make an effort to make our school cleaned and take good care of the equipments in the classroom.【答案】equipmentsequipment【解析】考查名词。equipment“设备”是 不可数名词，故将equipments改为equipment。5. (2018四川双流中学)We finished off the day by going shopping, and the